6、-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在-ing前加物主代詞或名詞所有格即構(gòu)成-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中的物主代詞或名詞所有格為-ing的邏輯主語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語或表語,如:Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口語中,這種結(jié)構(gòu)如作賓語用,其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞的賓格,名詞的所有格常用名詞的普通格代替,如:She insisted on Peter’s (or Peter)going there first.
5、被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,在句中一般作狀語用。如:Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
4、被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing一般式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行中的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,而且這個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作也是和句中謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的。它一般在句中作定語或狀語用。如:The truck being repaired there is ours.
3、主動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。主動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,一般在句中作時(shí)間或原因狀語用。句中的主語是它的邏輯主語,并且是它所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.
2、-ing形式的基本用法。
(1)作主語:Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。Talking is easier than doing. –ing作主語時(shí),如果其結(jié)構(gòu)較長,可用it作形式主語,而將作主語的-ing后置。如:It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.
(2)作表語:Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.
(3)作賓語:①作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語。She likes drawing very much.;②作某些短語動(dòng)詞的賓語。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.;③ do+限定詞(my, some, any, the等)+ -ing,表示“做…事”之意,如:We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? ④作介詞的賓語:Her sister is good at learning physics.;⑤作形容詞worth, busy等的賓語:This book is well worth reading. –ing作賓語帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),要用it作為形式賓語,而將作賓語的-ing后置,如:We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?
(4)作定語:The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注:-ing形式作定語用時(shí),如果-ing只是一個(gè)單詞,就位于其修飾的名詞之前,如果是-ing短語,就位于其修飾的名詞之后,-ing作定語時(shí),被-ing所修飾的名詞就是該-ing的邏輯主語。另外,-ing作定語用時(shí),其動(dòng)作和句子謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的,如果不是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的,就不能用-ing作定語,要使用定語從句,如:The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.
(5)作賓語補(bǔ)足語:We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注:當(dāng)-ing在復(fù)合賓語中作賓語補(bǔ)足語用時(shí),句中賓語就是這個(gè)-ing的邏輯主語,可以帶有這種復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。
(6)作狀語:①時(shí)間狀語:Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother. 分詞在句中作時(shí)間狀語時(shí),其前一般可加when或while,如:When crossing street, you must be careful. ②原因狀語:Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. ③方式或伴隨狀語:Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
1、-ing的形式:-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動(dòng)詞的-ing還有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài),而不及物動(dòng)詞的-ing則沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài),F(xiàn)在以及物動(dòng)詞make 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例,將其-ing各種形式列表如下:
|
動(dòng)詞 語態(tài) 形式 |
及物動(dòng)詞make |
不及物動(dòng)詞go |
|
|
主動(dòng)語態(tài) |
被動(dòng)語態(tài) |
主動(dòng)語態(tài) |
|
|
一般式 |
making |
being made |
going |
|
完成式 |
having made |
having been made |
having gone |
7、動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)用法:如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語為這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般就用被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式,如:What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.
(二)-ing形式:動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞。-ing形式仍保留有動(dòng)詞的特征,可以帶有其所需要的賓語或狀語而構(gòu)成-ing短語。
6、動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)形式所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系:(1)一般式:動(dòng)詞不定式一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是和謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,但在多數(shù)情況下,是在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同時(shí));(2)完成式:動(dòng)詞不定式完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)進(jìn)行式:動(dòng)詞不定式進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中,而且與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.
5、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式:動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是由not + 動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成,如:It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting.
4、疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式:疑問代詞和疑問副詞后可加動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句中可作主語、表語或賓語,如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.
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