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　　Human needs seem endless．When a hungry man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when a manager gets a new sports car, a big house and pleasure boats dance into view．

　　The many needs of mankind might be made up of several levels．When there is money enough to satisfy one level of needs, another level appears．

　　The first and most basic level of needs involves food．Once this level is satisfied, the second level of needs, clothing and some sort of shelter, appears．By the end of World War Ⅱ, these needs were satisfied for a great majority of Americans．Then a third level appeared．It included such items as automobiles and new houses．

　　By 1957 or 1958 this third level of needs was fairly well satisfied．Then, in the late 1950s, a fourth level of needs appeared：the“l(fā)ife-enriching”level．While the other levels involve physical satisfaction, that is, the feed in comfort, safety and transportation, this level stresses mental needs for recognition, achievement and happiness．It includes a variety of goods and services, many of which could be called“l(fā)uxury” items．Among them are vacation trips, the best medical and dental care, and recreation．Also included here are fancy goods and the latest fashions．

　　On the fourth level, a lot of money is spent on services, while on the first three levels more is spent on goods．Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of needs as their income increases, or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level?

　　A fifth level would probably involve needs that can be achieved best by community action．Consumers may be spending more on taxes to pay for government action against disease, ignorance, crime, and prejudice．After falling our stomachs, our clothes closets, our garages, our teeth and our minds, we now may seek to ensure health, safety and leisure to enjoy more fully the good things on the first four levels．

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閱讀理解

　　A few degrees can make a big difference when it comes to food storage．Foods can go bad if they get too warm．But for many of the world's poor, finding a good way to keep food cool is difficult．Refrigerators are costly and they need electricity．

　　Yet spoiled food not only creates health risks but also makes economic losses．Farmers lose money when they have to throw away products that they cannot sell quickly．

　　But in 1995 a teacher in northern Nigeria named Mohammed Bah Abba found a solution．He developed the“Pot-in-Pot Preservation/Cooling System．”It uses two round containers made of clay．A smaller pot is placed inside a larger one．

　　The space between the two pots is filled with wet sand．The inner pot can be filled with fruit, vegetables or drinks．A wet cloth covers the whole cooling system．

　　Food stored in the smaller pot is kept from spoiling through a simple evaporation process．Water in the sand between the two pots evaporates through the surface of the larger pot, where drier outside air is moving．

　　The evaporation process creates a drop in temperature of several degrees．This cools the inner pot and helps keep food safe from harmful bacteria．Some foods can be kept fresh this way for several weeks．

　　People throughout Nigeria began using the invention．And it became popular with farmers in other African countries．Mohammed Bah Abba personally financed the first five thousand pot-in-pot systems for his own community and five villages nearby．

　　In two thousand, the Rolex Watch Company of Switzerland honored him with the Rolex Award for Enterprise．This award recognizes people trying to develop projects aimed at improving human knowledge and well-being．

　　A committee considers projects in science and medicine, technology, exploration and discovery, the environment and cultural history．Winners receive financial assistance to help develop and extend their projects．

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　　The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness．If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness．But in fact, the opposite is true：more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain．

　　As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness．They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment(預(yù)擔(dān)的義務(wù))，self-improvement．

　　Ask a bachelor(單身漢)why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying．If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment．For commitment is in fact quite painful．The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement．Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features．

　　Couples with infant(幼兒)children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three-day vacation．I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children．But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild．

　　Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations．It liberates time：now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely(名副其實(shí))increase our happiness．It liberates money：buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless．And it liberates us from envy：we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all．

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　　For some time past, it has been widely accepted that babies－and other creatures－learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards(報(bào)酬)”,and there is no reason to doubt that this is true．But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological(生理的)“drives” as thirst or hunger．In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise．

　　It is now clear that this is not so．Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight．

　　Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and to teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other．Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response(回答) with clear signs of pleasure．So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided． He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights－and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about(產(chǎn)生) this result, for example, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side．

　　Papousek's light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely ?although? they would “smile and speak” when the light was on．Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them．It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control．?

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　　Jane Austen, a famous English writer, was born at Steventon, Hampshire, on December 16,1775, and died on July 18, 1817．She began writing early in life, although the prejudices of her times forced her to have her books published anonymously(匿名)．

　　But Jane Austen is perhaps the best known and best loved of Bath's many famous local people and visitors．She paid two long visits here during the last five years of the eighteenth century and from 1801 to 1806, Bath was her home．Her deep knowledge of the city is fully seen in two of her novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, which are largely set in Bath．The city is still very much as Jane Austen knew it, keeping in its streets and public buildings the well-ordered world that she described so well in her novels．Now the pleasure of learning Jane Austen's Bath can be enhanced (增強(qiáng))by visiting the Jane Austen Centre in Gay Street．Here, in a Georgian town house in the heart of the city, you can find out more about Bath in Jane Austen's time and the importance of Bath in her life and work．

　　The Centre has been set up with the help and guidance of members of the Jane Austen Society．After your visit to the Centre, you can look round the attractive shop, which offers a huge collection of Jane Austen related books, cards and many specially designed gifts．Jane Austen quizzes(競(jìng)賽)are offered to keep the children busy．

　　You can also have walking tours of Jane Austen's Bath, which is a great way to find out more about Jane Austen and discover the wonderful Georgian city of Bath．The tour lasts about one and a half hours．The experienced guides will take you to the places where Jane lived, walked and shopped．

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　　America is growing older．Fifty-eight years ago, only 4 out of every 100 people in the United States were 65 or older．Today, 10 out of every 100 Americans are over 65．The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways－education, medicine, and business．Quietly, the graying of America has made us a very different society－one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages．

　　A person’s age no longer tells you anything about his/her social position, marriage or health．There’s no longer a particular year in which one goes to school or goes to work or gets married or starts a family．The social clock that kept us on time and told us when to go to school, get a job, or stop working isn’t as strong as it used to be．It doesn’t surprise us to hear of a 29-year-old university president or a 35-year-old grandmother, or a 70-year-old man who has become a father for the first time．Public ideas are changing．

　　Many people say, “I am much younger than my mother－or my father－was at my age．”No one says “Act your age” any more．We’ve stopped looking with surprise at older people who act in youthful ways．

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　　The following are four forms about medicine．How to use the medicine is very important．Never take any by mistake．

　　1)Take the medicine with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required．For further night-time and early morning, take two tablets at bedtime．Do not take more than six tablets in 24 hours．For Children six to twelve years old, go to your doctor for advice．Reduce dosage if nervousness, restlessness or sleeplessness takes place．

　　2)Each pill of the medicine taken three times every day for fourteen years old．As usual, a pill 6∶00 a m., before breakfast, one before 11∶00 and one before sleep．Not for children under six years old and old persons with heart attack．

　　3)The medicine for a person with a fever．Once two pills a day before sleep for adult．Not take the medicine without fever．Half for Children under 12 years old．Children with a high fever, go to see a doctor．

　　4)The medicine taken three times a day, once five pills for adult with a cold．Half of the pills for children 10 years old．Take the medicine before breakfast, lunch, supper or before sleep．

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　　Did you know that women’s brains are smaller than men’s?The average women’s brain weighs 10％ less than men’s．Since research has shown that the bigger the brain, the cleverer the animal, men must be more intelligent(聰明的)than women．Right?Wrong．Men and women always score similarly on intelligence tests, despite the difference in brain size．Why?After years of study, researchers have concluded that it’s what’s inside that matters, not just the size of the brain．The brain consists of “grey matter” and

　　It has been suggested that smaller brain appears to work faster, perhaps because the two sides of the brain are better connected in women．This means that little girls tend to learn to speak earlier, and that women can understand sorts of information from different sources at the same time．When it comes to talking to the boss on the phone, cooking dinner and keeping an eye on the baby all at the same time, it’s women who come out on top every time．

　　There are other important differences between two sexes．As white matter is the key to spatial(空間的)tasks, men know better where things are in relation to other things．“A great footballer always knows where he is in relation to the other players, and he knows where to go,” says one researcher．That may explain one of life’s great mysteries：why men refuse to ask for directions…and women often need to!

　　The differences begin when fetuses(胎兒)are about mine weeks old, which can be seen in the action of children ad young as one．A boy would try to climb a barrier(障礙物)before him or push it down while a girl would attract help from others．These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills, while more women speech skills．It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt, according to one research．

　　If all this disappoints you, it shouldn’t．“The brain changes throughout our lives according to what we do with it．” says a biologist．

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　　Runners in a relay(接力)race pass a stick in one direction．However, merchants passed silk, gold, fruit, and glass along the Silk Road in more than one direction．They earned their living by traveling the famous Silk Road．

　　The Silk Road was not a simple trading network．It passed through thousands of citied and towns．It started from eastern China, across Central Asia and the Middle East, and ended in the Mediterranean Sea．It was used from about 200 B, C, to about A, D, 1300, when sea travel offered new routes(路線)，It was sometimes called the world’s longest highway．However, the Silk Road was made up of many routes, not one smooth path．They passed through what are now 18 countries．The routes crossed mountains and deserts and had many dangers of hot sun, deep snow and even battles．Only experienced traders could return safe．

　　The Silk Road got its name from its most prized product．Silk could be used like money to pay taxes or buy goods．But the traders carried more than just silk．Gold, silver, and glass from Europe were much found in the Middle East and Asia．Horses traded from other areas changed farming practices in China．Indian merchants traded salt and other valuable goods．Chinese merchants traded paper, which produced an immediate effect on the West．Apples traveled from central Asia to Rome．The Chinese had learned to graft(嫁接)different trees together to make new kinds of fruit．They passed this science on to others, including the Romans．The Romans used grafting to grow the apple．Trading along the Silk Road led to world-wide business 2,000 years before the World Wide Web．

　　The people along the Silk Road did not share just goods．They also shared their beliefs．The Silk Road provided pathways for learning, diplomacy(外交)，and religion(宗教)．

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　　This was no ordinary class．The students who came together were all science or engineering professors at Cornell University．They had interrupted their research to accept an invitation to take part in an unusual experiment：“an interesting week of poetry．” This class was part of a study to answer the questions：Why is science difficult for many nonscience students?What can teachers learn about teaching if they take a class that is not in their field?

　　The students in the poetry class listened to lectures and took notes．They had reading tasks and had to write three short papers．All students noticed one thing－the importance of spoken words．In science and engineering classes, the instructors put tables and drawings on the blackboard．But in this poetry class, the instructors just talked．They didn’t write anything on the board．

　　The scientists and engineers noticed one similarity between science and poetry．In both subjects, students need to find layers(層次)of meaning．Some layers are simple, clean, and on the surface; other layers are deeper and more difficult．This search for different levels of meaning doesn’t happen much in undergraduate(本科)science classes, but it is important later, in graduate school．And it is always important in humanities(人文科學(xué))．

　　Both the poetry instructors and their students learned something about teaching from this experience．One poetry instructor, for example, now sees the importance of using informative as he teaches．Most of the scientists agreed on several points．First, humanities classes might help science students to see patterns and decide which information is important．Second, the poetry class was fun．One engineer decided, “We need to change the way we teach engineering to make to make it an enjoyable experience for students．”

　　But perhaps the most important result of the experience was this; All of the professors began to think about how they teach and how they cam teach better．

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