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3、Sporting activities are essentially modified（變更） forms of hunting behavior．Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group．His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey（獵物） into a goalmouth．If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter's joy of killing his prey.

To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers．They spent over a million years evolving（進(jìn)化） as cooperative hunters．Their very survival depended on success in the hunting-field．Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed．They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers．They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers.

Then about ten thousand years ago, after this great long period of hunting their food, they became farmers．Their improved intelligence, so important to their old hunting life, was put to a new use — that of controlling and domesticating（馴養(yǎng)） their prey．The hunt became suddenly out of date．The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs．The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.

The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets．Hunting for sport replaced hunting necessity．This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation．Instead, the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that was no longer to their survival．To be sure, the kill may have been eaten but there were other much simpler ways of obtaining a meaty meal.

1．The author believes that sporting activities ________.

       A．a(chǎn)re forms of biological development

       B．have actually developed from hunting

       C．a(chǎn)re essential forms of domesticating the prey

       D．have changed the ways of hunting

2．For over a million years, our forefathers were basically ________.

       A．cooperating hunters                             B．successful farmers

       C．runners and jumpers                            D．skillful sportsmen

3．The underlined word “operation” in the last paragraph refers to ________.

       A．hunting

       B．prey killing

       C．sports activities

       D．domesticating animals