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81. _________

The Italians have an old saying “y dolce far niente”. The words mean it is sweet or enjoyable to do nothing. On weekends and during holidays, many of us enjoy doing nothing. But most of the time, we have to work and to keep our jobs and we must work hard. Our employer will not like it if we do nothing.

82. _________

American workers often call their employers “bosses”. The word “boss” comes from the Dutch word “baas” meaning master. Sometimes company bosses are called the brass. They are also sometimes called “ top brass” or “brass hats”. Experts disagree about how the strange expression started, but they may have come from Britain. Leaders of the 19^th century British army wore pieces of metal called oak leaves on their hats. The metal brass has a color similar to that of gold. So a leader or a commander came to be called a member of the brass or he might have been called a brass hat or even the top brass.

83. _________

By the 1940’s, the expression had spread beyond military leaders. It also included civilian officials. A newspaper in the American city of Philadelphia used the term in 1949. It called the most important police officials top brass. Other expressions that mean boss or employer have nothing to do with brass or hats. One of these is “ big cheese”. A cheese is a solid food made form milk. The expression probably started in America in the late 19^th century. Some experts believe it comes from a word in the Persian or Urdu languages. Cheese, the meaning is a thing. So the meaning of “big cheese” may be a big thing.

84. ________

Other experts say the word cheese and its expression was really in incorrect way of saying chief. The word chief means leader. So the expression may mean big leader. An employer usually does not object to being called boss. But most workers would not call their employers big cheese, top brass or brass hats to their faces. These words are not really insulting（侮辱）but neither do they show great respect.

85. _________

Employers also have expressions to describe their workers. One of them that describe a good worker is that he or she works like a Trojan. This expression probably comes from the ancient writings of the great poet Homer. He wrote about the Trojans who lived in the city of Troy. He said Trojans worked very hard to protect their city. Now the expression is often used to describe an employee who work hard for a company. A loyal, hardworking employee is said to work like a Trojan. So be happy if your company’s brass hats say you work like a Trojan. They may consider you valuable enough to increase your pay.