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Astronomy is the oldest science known to man. Thousands of years ago man looked at the stars and wondered about the heavens. But man was limited by what he could see with his eyes alone.
The Greeks studied astronomy over 2,000 years ago. They could see the size, color, and brightness of a star. They could see its place in the sky. They watched the stars move as the seasons changed. But the Greeks had no tools to help themselves study the heavens.
Each new tool added to the field of astronomy helped man reach out into space. They did not know that the planet called Saturn(土星) had rings around it. Their sight was so limited that they could not see all the planets. In the early 1700s, people thought there were only six planets. Nepture(海王星), the last of eight planets to be discovered, was not seen until 1846.
Before the spectroscope(分光鏡), man did not know what kind of gases was in the sun or other stars. Without the radio telescope, we didn’t know that radio noises came from far out in space.
Today, astronomy is a growing science. We had learned more in the last fifty years than in the whole history of astronomy.
【小題1】. Thousands of years ago, people observed the stars with the limitation of their _____.

A．eyesight	B．land
C．wealth	D．knowledge

【小題2】. When the Greeks watched the stars, they could ____ .

A．know what the stars were made of

B．not see their places in the sky

C．help themselves study the heavens

D．watch the stars move as the seasons changed

【小題3】. Until there were ____, man knew very little about the moon.

A．telescopes	B．spectroscopes
C．radio telescopes	D．spaceships

【小題4】. Which of the following sentences is NOT true?

A．Astronomy is the oldest science that humans have known.

B．Astronomy is developing fast with the help of technology.

C．In the early 1700s, people didn’t know the existence of Neptune.

D．Over 2,000 years ago, the Greeks knew the planet Saturn had rings around it.

【小題5】. This passage mainly talks about _____.

A．tools used in astronomy

B．the development of astronomy in the last 50 years

C．Greeks’ achievements in astronomy

D．new tools and the development of astronomy

What do you use to get around town? A car? A bike? Your feet ? perhaps you should try a segway!
The Segway is perfect for short journeys. It’s an electric vehicle that consists of a platform between two wheels, with a pole that connects the platform to the handlebars. To ride it , you step up onto the platform, and control the Segway by moving your body. Lean forwards to go faster, and back-wards to slow down.
On older models, direction was controlled by a twist grip（扭轉(zhuǎn)把手）on the left handlebar. This varies the speeds between the two motors, and a decrease in the speed of the left wheel would turn the Segway to the left . With newer models you simply lean to the left or right. Meanwhile, a gyroscope （陀螺儀）detects your movements and prevents the machine from falling over. The Segway has a maximum speed of 19 km per hour and a range of about 38 km. after that, you need to plug it and recharge the battery.
Segways are used for a variety of purposes. People with mobility problems can now enjoy walks in the country with their friends and family. Some golfers see them as an alternative to the golf cart . And dog owners now have an easier way to take the dog to the park. A few police forces use Segways, too. They allow officers to move quickly while maintaining contact with the public. They’re also becoming a common sight on airport . However, the most popular use is in tourism , particularly for city tours . Visit any major tourist city in summer, sit outside a cafe for a while and there’s a good chance you’ll see a group of tourists passing on Segways.
【小題1】How do you turn to the left on a Segway of the new model?

A．Lean to the left	B．Adjust the twist grip
C．Press the left bar	D．Control the gyroscope

【小題2】How far can you travel on a Segway at most?

A．Less than 19 km	B．About 19 km
C．About 38 km	D．Over 45 km

【小題3】The Segway is most commonly used by       .

A．families	B．golfers
C．police	D．tourists

【小題4】Which of the following correctly shows the order in which information about the Segway is provided?

A．Introduction→Ways of application→ structure→Principle of operation

B．Introduction→ Principle of operation→Structure →Ways of application

C．Introduction → Structure → Principle of operation →ways of application

D．Structure→ Introduction→Principle of operation→Ways of application

【小題5】Which of the following pictures shows the Segways being used?

You can’t hide a natural disaster from children, so how do we prepare them for it? First of all, you should explain to them that acts of nature aren’t necessarily disasters but can become one. These may include floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, winter storms, wild fires, and earthquakes. The way to prepare children for these disasters is to educate them about what each type is and then make it fun by making them “Disaster Masters” or whatever title you can think of.
Making them a Disaster Master won’t be easy. They must know what’s in a disaster emergency kit(工具箱) and why it’s included. You can get your friends involved, too. If your friends have children, they may want to be involved in your emergency preparations. Make it a group project. This is the opportunity for everyone to become familiar with the equipment.
We have to be aware of our conduct and the way we react to stress. The children will be easily influenced by your attitude and demeanor. The calmness, steady manner, and good humor of your spouse (配偶) and you will go a long way toward the easing or the reduction of stress.
Explain to them what they’re likely to encounter or see and describe how people may react. Disasters can come and go very quickly and generally don’t last long. If you must stay away from home, try to get into a routine quickly and encourage them to make new friends. Let them know they can look to their parents and other adults if they become scared or confused. And it’s important to let them know it’s OK to cry during a disaster.
It’s sometimes helpful to let the children draw pictures of what they’ve experienced. Encourage them to write what they learned and what could have been done better. Save the story. Make it part of a documented family history!
【小題1】This passage was written mainly to tell us about ______.

A．the importance of mutual help in disaster preparation

B．tips for preparing children for a natural disaster

C．the importance of educating children about natural disasters

D．ways to raise children’s courage in natural disasters

【小題2】It is a must that a Disaster Master knows ______.

A．when a natural disaster will come

B．why there are natural disasters

C．how to use a disaster emergency kit

D．how to teach others about emergency preparations

【小題3】The underlined word “demeanor” in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by “______”.

A．personality	B．lifestyle
C．emotion	D．behavior

【小題4】When they meet with a natural disaster, children ______.

A．must write down what they see and how they feel

B．should believe that the disaster will never last long

C．can cry if they are frightened

D．should help other children despite the danger

【小題5】The author wrote the passage mainly for ______.

A．parents	B．young children
C．teachers	D．college students

  February has long been a month of romance. With the sweet smell of roses in the air, romantic films hit cinemas and love stories fill newspapers and magazines.
On the 14th day, it is a custom for a boy to take his girlfriend out to dinner, buy her flowers and chocolates, write poems, sing to her or even spell out her name with rose petals! This is what you see on Valentine’s Day, a day named after Valentine who was a priest in the third century Rome. When the emperor (皇帝) decided that single men could become better soldiers than those with wives, he didn’t allow marriage.
But Valentine continued to perform marriage ceremonies for young lovers in secret. When his actions were discovered, the emperor sentenced him to death. While in prison, it is said that Valentine fell in love with the daughter of his prison guard. Before his death, he wrote her a letter, which he signed “From your Valentine”, an expression that is still in use today. Valentine died for what he believed in and so he was made a Saint (圣徒), as well as becoming one of history’s most romantic characters.
Nowadays, Valentine’s Day is also popular among Chinese young people. Some students are planning to make Valentine’s cards for parents, teachers and friends. Others want to hold parties at which they will exchange small gifts and eat heart-shaped cakes. The idea is to have fun and encourage people to share in the spirit of St. Valentine.
【小題1】Why did the emperor in Rome not allow marriage in his country?

A．Because there were few women in his country at that time.

B．Because he thought men without wives could be better soldiers.

C．Because there wasn’t enough food for so many people.

D．Because he wanted to control the birth rate.

【小題2】Valentine was put into prison because ______.

A．he killed one of the soldiers

B．he stole a lot of food

C．he didn’t obey the emperor’s order

D．he didn’t want to be a soldier

【小題3】The last paragraph mainly tells us ______.

A．students in China send cards to their teachers

B．it is a good idea to celebrate Valentine’s Day in China

C．it is interesting to celebrate Valentine’s Day in China

D．Valentine’s Day is also popular in China now

【小題4】People celebrate Valentine’s Day to _________.

A．get gifts	B．honor a priest
C．enjoy romance	D．get married

【小題5】The best title for this passage should be ______.

A．Valentine’s Day	B．A Brave Priest
C．Valentine’s Day in China	D．A Romantic Man

It’s generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes. They recycle their garbage because they care about the environment. They pay $5 for a caramel brulee latte because they like expensive coffee drinks.
It’s undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions（性情）, but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bern, by observing our own behavior. We can be strangers to ourselves. If we knew our own minds, why should we need to guess what our preferences are from our behavior? If our minds were an open book, we would know exactly how much we care about the environment or like lattes. Actually, we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are.
Moreover, we don’t just use our behavior to learn about our particular types of character --- we infer characters that weren’t there before. Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us, which we fail to recognize. Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didn’t. Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the people around us. We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition.
Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make, people become what they do, though it may not be in compliance（符合）with their true desires. Therefore, we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonnegut’s advice: “We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be.”
【小題1】According to the passage, personalities and attitudes are commonly believed to _______.

A．determine one’s behavior	B．reflect one’s taste
C．influence one’s surroundings	D．result from one’s habits

【小題2】Which of the following would Daryl Bern most probably agree with?

A．The return of a wallet can indicate one’s honesty.

B．A kind person will offer his seat to the old.

C．One recycles plastics to protect the environment.

D．One buys latte out of love of coffee.

【小題3】What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in the passage?

A．We fail to realize our inner dispositions.

B．We can be influenced by outside pressures.

C．Our behavior is the result of our true desires.

D．Our characters can shape our social relationships.

【小題4】What does the author mainly discusses in the passage?

A．Personalities and attitudes.	B．Preferences and habits.
C．Behavior and personalities.	D．Attitudes and preferences.

The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid --- we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.
However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard（蜥蜴）native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water’s surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we’ll need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate “hitting.”
But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a “non-Newtonian” liquid that doesn’t behave like normal water. Now if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles（粒子）in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.
Fun though all this may sound, it’s still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice. If you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink --- and take a shower afterward!
【小題1】Walking on water hasn’t become a reality mainly because humans _______.

A．a(chǎn)re not interested in it

B．have biological limitations

C．have not invented proper tools

D．a(chǎn)re afraid to make an attempt

【小題2】What do we know about Basilicus basilicas from the passage?

A．It is light enough to walk on water.

B．Its huge feet enable it to stay above water.

C．It can run across water at a certain speed

D．Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water

【小題3】What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage?

A．To create a thick liquid.

B．To turn the water into solid.

C．To help the liquid behave normally.

D．To enable the water to move rapidly.

【小題4】What is the author’s attitude toward the idea of human’s walking on water?

A．It is risky but beneficial.

B．It is interesting and worth trying

C．It is crazy and cannot become a reality

D．It is impractical; though theoretically possible

Last summer, two nineteenth-century cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana, to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco. The houses were made of wood. These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil; now they hold Twitter engineers.
The cottages could be an example of the industry’ s odd love affair with “l(fā)ow technology,” a concept associated with the natural world, and with old-school craftsmanship (手藝) that exists long before the Internet era. Low technology is not virtual (虛擬的) —so, to take advantage of it, Internet companies have had to get creative. The rescued wood cottages, fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds, are an obvious example, but Twitter’s designs lie on the extreme end. Other companies are using a broader interpretation (闡釋) of low technology that focuses on nature.
Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees, so that employees can “work and socialize in a more natural, park-like setting.” At Google’s office, an entire floor is carpeted in glass. Facebook’s second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking trail.
Olle Lundberg, the founder of Lundberg Design, has worked with many tech companies over the years. “We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives, and our tech engineers are the ones who feel impoverished (貧乏的) , because they’re surrounded by the digital world,” he says. “They’re looking for a way to regain their individual identity, and we’ve found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”
This craft based theory is rooted in history, William Morris, the English artist and writer, turned back to pre-industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties, just after the Industrial Revolution. The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines. “Without creative human occupation, people became disconnected from life,” Morris said.
Research has shown that natural environments can restore(恢復(fù)) our mental capacities. In Japan, patients are encouraged to “forest-bathe,” taking walks through woods to lower their blood pressure.
These health benefits apply to the workplace as well. Rachel Kaplvin, a professor of environmental psychology, has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environment. Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office—even simple views of trees and flowers—felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying. If low-tech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then, fine, bring on the cottages.
【小題1】The writer mentions the two nineteenth-century cottages to show that ________.

A．Twitter is having a hard time

B．old cottages are in need of protection

C．early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana

D．Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology

【小題2】Low technology is regarded as something that _______.

A．is related to nature	B．is out of date today
C．consumes too much energy	D．exists in the virtual world

【小題3】The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings ________.

A．have destroyed many pre-industrial arts

B．have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts

C．can become intelligent by learning history

D．can regain their individual identity by using machines

【小題4】The writer’s attitude to “l(fā)ow technology” can best be described as ________.

A．positive

B．defensive

C．cautious

D．doubtful

【小題5】What might be the best title for the passage?

A．Past Glories, Future Dreams

B．The Virtual World, the Real Challenge

C．High-tech Companies, Low-tech Offices

D．The More Craftsmanship, the Less Creativity

Passenger pigeons（旅鴿）once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks（群）so large that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reach its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons – a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.
Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
By the closing decades of the 19^th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans’ need for wood, which scattered（驅(qū)散）the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.
In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons, but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden in September 1, 1914.
【小題1】In the 18^th and early 19^th centuries, passenger pigeons _______.

A．were the biggest bird in the world

B．lived mainly in the south of America

C．did great harm to the natural environment

D．Were the largest population in the US

【小題2】The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons’ _______.

A．escape

B．ruin

C．liberation

D．evolution

【小題3】What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons?

A．To seek pleasure.	B．To save other birds.
C．To make money.	D．To protect crops.

【小題4】What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan?

A．It was ignored by the public.	B．It was declared too late.
C．It was unfair.	D．It was strict.

Going green seems to be a fad(時尚) for a lot of people these days. Whether that is good or bad, we can’t really say, but for the two of us, going green is not a fad but a lifestyle.
On April 22,2012, we decided to go green every single day for an entire year. This meant doing 365 different green things, and It also meant challenging ourselves to go green beyond the easy things. Rather than recycle and reduce our energy, we had to think of 365 different green things to do and this was no easy task.
With the idea of going green every single day for a year, Our Green Year started. My wife and I decided to educate people about how they could go green in their lives and hoped we could show people all the green things that could be done to help the environment. We wanted to push the message that every little bit helps.
Over the course of Our Green Year, we completely changed our lifestyles. We now shop at organic(有機的) stores. We consume less meat, choosing green food. We have greatly reduced our buying we don’t need. We have given away half of what we owned through websites. Our home is kept clean by vinegar and lemon juice, with no chemical cleaners. We make our own butter, enjoying the smell of home-made fresh bread. In our home office anyone caught doing something ungreen might be punished.
Our minds have been changed by Our Green Year. We are grateful for the chance to have been able to go green and educate others. We believe that we do have the power to change things and help our planet.
【小題1】What might be the best title for the passage?

A．Going Green	B．Protecting the Planet
C．Keeping Open-Minded	D．Celebrating Our Green Year

【小題2】It was difficult for the couple to live a green life for the whole year because        .

A．they were expected to follow the green fad

B．they didn’t know how to educate other people

C．they were unwilling to reduce their energy

D．they needed to perform unusual green tasks

【小題3】What did the couple do over the course of Our Green Year?

A．They tried to get out of their ungreen habits.

B．They ignored others’ ungreen behavior.

C．They chose better chemical cleaners.

D．They sold their home-made food.

【小題4】What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．The government will give support to the green project.

B．The couple may continue their project in the future.

C．Some people disagree with the couple’s green ideas.

D．Our Green Year is becoming a national campaign.

The Cave of Lascaux
It was Thursday, September 12,1940.Four French teens were out exploring in the woods off the northern slopes of the Pyrenees.Many years before, an old pine tree fell and left a large hole in the ground.The teenagers were curious and they started to explore the area and fell into one of the most important archeological(考古的) finds of the twentieth century!
There are over a hundred limestone(灰?guī)r) caves in this region of France.Some were inhabited by humans thousands and thousands of years ago.Between 15,000 and 17,000 years ago, humans painted lively creatures such as cows, bulls, horses, and even cats on the walls of the caves.
Why did they mark these walls? Was it to tell a story? Was it to record a famous battle? There are many mysteries and ancient secrets still waiting to be discovered in the cave of Lascaux.There were dots in many of the paintings.What do these dots mean? Were they meant to record time, a calendar? Deep in the cave, there is a drawing of a “birdman”．What does this mean? Was it a place for sacred ceremonies? No one knows for sure.
The actual cave of Lascaux was closed in 1963 due to the overabundance of tourists visiting the site.The carbon dioxide that people were breathing out was causing damage to the fragile(易損的) cave paintings.Up till now the Lascaux cave is still closed for tourists.Only a specialist can visit the cave by a special order that must be made out almost a year in advance.Not more than six persons can enter the cave per day.Two days a week, the cave is completely closed.Due to the great interest of numerous tourists, in 1983 Lascaux Ⅱwas opened for tourism.It is an exact replica of the cave of Lascaux.
【小題1】The Pyrenees are the __________ in France.

A．mountains	B．forests
C．rivers	D．caves

【小題2】What does the underlined word “inhabited” in the second paragraph mean?

A．built

B．explored

C．lived in

D．destroyed

【小題3】In the author's opinion, the cave paintings are __________.

A．old	B．beautiful
C．easily damaged	D．interesting