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閱讀下列短文從每題所給的四個選項(A，B，C和D)中，選出最佳選項。

　　On October 12, 1989, some Chinese scientists were working at the computers to look for information they needed．Suddenly they saw a lot of very bright spots crossing the computer’s screens．At the same time the computers were working much slower．To find out what was happening they stopped their work to check some parts of the computers．To their horror, they found out that most of their stored information was got rid of by computer viruses (病毒)! Obviously all these computers had been infected by computer viruses．

　　It is said that the computer viruses were made by a group of young men fond of playing tricks．They all had excellent education．They created the viruses just to show their intelligence (才智)．These kinds of computer viruses are named Jerusalem(耶路撒冷)Viruses．These viruses can stay in computers for a long time．When the time comes they will attack the computers by lowering the functions (功能), damaging their normal programs or even getting rid of all the information．

　　We now come to know that Jerusalem Viruses often attack computers on Fridays and that they are spreading to a lot of computers．Among the countries that suffered computer viruses last year are Britain, Australia, Switzerland and the U．S．But fill now, how to get rid of the terrible viruses remains a problem．

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　　In 1954 a turning point in medical history, resulting from applied bionics (仿生學(xué)), was the first“open heart”surgery done in Minneapolis, Minnesoda, by Dr．C．W Lillehei．Dr．Lillehei’s techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while blood was supplied to the patient from a donor．Today“open heart”surgery, using more advanced methods and bionic devices, is common in the United States．

　　The technological advances such as those already mentioned have encouraged scientists to develop the artificial(man-made)heart．Early in 1983, in its first use by a human patient, a medical team at the University of Utah Medical Center replaced the diseased heart of Dr．Clark with a mechanical pump．Clark was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik－7．

　　The world watched amazed as television pictures of Dr．Clark showed him as he improved steadily after the surgery．His continued life showed that a bionic device could imitate the action and function of a healthy heart．Dr．Clark lived for 112 days．

　　Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries．The development of tools by man’s ancestors is a good example of the application of bionics to extend human capabilities．Modern bionic research is especially involved in prosthetics (修復(fù)術(shù))--- devices that replace diseased body parts such as arms, legs, and eyes．

　　The future for applied bionics appears to be promising．Existing bionic devices will become smaller, faster, and more effective．The artificial heart used for Dr．Chark is only one of experimental replacement devices．It is likely to be joined in the future by replacements for other internal systems or organs．Bionic livers, stomachs, and lungs are not impossibilities!

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　　Dorothea Dix left home at an early age－of her own free will－to live with her grandmother．

　　At fourteen, Dorothea was teaching school at Worcester, Massachusetts．A short time after she had begun teaching, she established a school for young girls in her grandparents’ home．Stress was placed on moral character at Dorothea’s school, which she conducted until she was thirty-three．

　　She was forced to give up teaching at her grandparents’ home, however, when she became ill．A few years of inactivity followed．

　　After her recovery Dorothea began to teach again, accepting a Sunday school class in the East Cambridge, Massachusetts’ jail．Here, she first came upon insane(mad)people locked up together with criminals．

　　In those days insane people were treated even worse than criminals．There were only a few asylums(收容所)in the entire country．Therefore jails, poorhouses, and houses of correction were used to confine the insane．

　　Dorothea Dix made a careful investigation of inhuman treatment of the insane．It was considered unfeminine for a woman to devote herself to such work at this time．But this did not stop Dorothea Dix in her efforts to provide proper medical care for the insane．

　　Gradually, because of her investigations, conditions were improved．More than thirty mental institutions were founded or reestablished in the United States because of her efforts．Dorothea also extended her investigations to England and to other parts of Europe．

　　Dorothea served as the head of women hospital nurses in the army for a few years．When the war was over, she returned to her work of improving conditions for insane people．

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　　Man-made flowers are used for scientific as well as for decorative purposes．They are made from a variety of materials, such as wax and glass, so skillfully that you can hardly tell them from natural flowers．

　　In making such models, good skill and artistry are called for, as well as thorough knowledge of plant structure．The collection of glass flowers in the Botanical Museum of Harvard University is the most famous in North America and is widely known throughout the scientific world．In all, there are several thousand models in colored glass, the work of two artist-naturalists, Leopold Blaschka and his son Rudolph．

　　The aim was to have the collection represent at least one member of each flower family native to the United States．Although it was never completed, it contains more than seven hundred species representing 164 families of flowering plants, a group of fruits showing the effect of fungus(霉菌)diseases, and thousands of flower parts and magnified (放大的) details．Every detail of these is very well reproduced in color and structure．The models are kept in locked cases as they are too valuable and fragile for classroom use．

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　　A dream became true as two young pilots took off to fly around the world．

　　Chris Wall and Dan Dominguez have been dreaming big since they were 17-year-old high school students in EL Paso, Tex．U S A．At that time they flew alone in a plane to Alaska and back．

　　Now they were really dreaming big．They were planning to take off this September on an around-the-world flight．And all went well, the 21-year-old pilots at last broke a world record by becoming the youngest to fly by themselves around the Earth．

　　As they circled the world in their small, twin-engine airplane, they would be taking plenty of kids along for the ride, because students could follow their flight by way of the Internet．The flight took three months and made about 32 stops．

　　Their plane was highly versatile (多用途的)．Dan said, “It can take off from a muddy strip in Bali, the deserts of Egypt, the jungles of Africa, yet it can still cross the ocean．”

　　Dan, a commercial pilot and flight instructor, recently graduated from the University of Rochester New York State．Chris is a three-year student at Rice University in Houston, Tex．

　　The purpose of their project, called World Flight 2000, was to make education more interactive and to encourage young people to follow their dreams no matter how challenging they are．

　　Said Dan：“We want to share the spirit of flying and show students that anything is possible with a good education, persistence and perseverance．”

　　At each stop, the two pilots talked with students about their trip．They also visited schools all over the United States to tell about their adventures．

　　“We’ve wanted to fly since we could remember,” they said．“We started flying before we were driving．”

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　　Chinese are very generous when it comes to educating their children．Not caring about the money, parents often send their children to the best schools or even abroad to England, the United States or Australia．They also want their children to take extra-course activities where they will either learn a musical instrument or ballet, or other classes that will give them a head start in life．The Chinese believe that the more expensive an education is, the better it is．So parents will spend an unreasonable amount of money on education．Even poor couples will buy a computer for their son or daughter．

　　However, what most parents fail to see is that the best early education they can give their children is usually very cheap．

　　Parents can see that their children’s skills vary, skilled in some areas while poor in others．What most parents fail to realize though, is that today’s children lack self-respect and self-confidence ．

　　The problem is that parents are only educating their children on how to take multiple-choice tests and how to study well, but parents are not teaching them the most important skills they need to be confident, happy and clever．

　　Parents can achieve this by teaching practical skills like cooking, sewing and doing other housework．

　　Teaching a child to cook will improve many of the skills that he will need later in life．Cooking demands patience and time．It is an enjoyable but difficult experience．A good cook always tries to improve his cooking, so he will learn to work hard and gradually finish his job successfully．His result, a well-cooked dinner, will give him much satisfaction and a lot of self-confidence．

　　Some old machines, such as a broken radio or TV set that you give your child to play with will make him curious and arouse his interest．He will spend hours looking at them, trying to fix them; your child might become an engineer when he grows up．These activities are not only teaching a child to read a book, but rather to think, to use his mind．And that is more important．

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　　Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading, which you do not need.

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閱讀理解，閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項(A、B、C和D)中，選出最佳選項。

　　Last week．we talked about Massive Open Online Courses．a(chǎn)lso called MOOCs．Tens of thousands, or even more, people Can take these classes all at once．You can be anywhere in the worht to take a MOOC．All you need is a computer and a network connection．

　　MOOCs add to a tradition of what is known as distance learning．For years, many colleges have offered classes that are taught partly or mostly online．MOOCs are available in subjects like comlmter science, engineering or mechanics．Can MOOCs in subjects like arts or the humanities(人文學(xué)科)be as effective?

　　Scott Anderson teaches philosophy at the University of British Columbia in Canada．He sees both good and bad sides to MOOCs．Scott Anderson says, “There are pails that will be tine, insofar as mostly when students listen to a lecture．there is no special reason why they need to be physically present to hear and get it．”Mr．Anderson says increased numbers of students in MOOCs can mean less communication between them and teachers．He says two ways to deal with this are．by adding more teachers and setting up online discussion groups．

　　Lisa Jadwin teaches English and American literature and writing at St．John Fisher College in New York．She says online education has some weaknesses for her subjects．

　　She says, “What's lost in online education is face-to-face interaction．And that old-fashioned approuch is not going to be replaced very quickly by computer-aided instrnction．”Professor Jadwin says some students could learn very well from talks and reading assignments, blogs and discussion groups．But she believes that hybrid courses work best．She describes hybrids as mixing face-to-face course elements with computer-aided teaching and writing proiects．

　　Bill Pogue teaches communications at the University of Houston-Downtown．He sees good value in online education．He noted a strong sense of communitv in an online ciyrse he once took．He said the students worked together on a project while living on four continents．

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閱讀理解，閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項(A、B、C和D)中，選出最佳選項。

　　“Sleep-disordered breathing” is a term for a group of conditions that can interfere with nornlal breathing while people sleep．These include snoring, mouth-breathing and sleep apnea(窒息)．Sleep-disordered breathing can do more than just leave people feeling tired the next day．It can also affect people's health．In children the effects can include behavioral and emotional problems．

　　In a new study．1ed by Karen Bonuck at the Einstein College of Medicine．researchers asked parents about their children's breathing from when they were babies up to about age seven．The study finds sleep-disordered breathing is associated with a fifty percent increase in outcomes including hyperactivity(多動癥), aggressiveness and problems relating to other children．

　　Ms．Bonuck says the more serious the breathing problems, the more serious the behavioral issues were likely to be．Other studies have：linked sleep with children's behavior, but this study was extensive enough to：reject other possible causes．

　　How well do you sleep? A popular belief is that sleep gets worse with age．But．in another new study, those who reported the fewest problems with the quality of their sleep were people in their eighties．

　　Researchers did a telephone survey of American aduhs．Michael Grandner at the University of Pennsylvania medical school says the original goal was to confirm that aging is connected with increased sleep problems．The survey did find an increase during middle age, worse in women than men．But except for that, people reported that their sleep quality improved as they got older．At least they felt it did．

　　Mr．Grandner says．“Even if sleep among older Americans is actually worse than in younger adults, feelings about it still improve with age．”

　　In the study, health problems and depression were linked with poor sleep．But, based on the study．Mr．Grandner says older people who are not sick or depressed should be reporting better sleep．“If they're not．they need to talk to their doctor．”he says．He says heahtlh care providers generally dismiss sleep complaints from older adults as a normal part of aging．

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