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Surgeons in Spain have successfully carried out the world’s first organ transplant using new stem cell technology. Some people are calling it the greatest medical breakthrough so far this century.
But what are stem cells? As we know, most cells in our bodies are designed to serve specific purposes – for example, a liver cell develops to work in the liver and cannot become a heart cell. But stem cells are different. They are very young, and in the laboratory scientists can grow them into different types of cell.
Claudia Castillo needed a new windpipe after getting a serious disease. Scientists from the University of Bristol in the UK took a donor windpipe, or trachea, from someone who had recently died. They used strong chemicals to remove the donor’s cells, leaving a tissue scaffold(組織支架). This was refilled with cells from Ms Castillo’s windpipe, and stem cells from her bone. After four days the cells had grown sufficiently for the windpipe to be transplanted into Ms Castillo.
Currently, transplant patients have to take drugs for the rest of their lives to prevent their bodies rejecting the new organs. These drugs can have bad side-effects, and do not always prevent rejection. But by using Ms Castillo’s own cells, doctors were able to trick her body into thinking the new windpipe was her own organ. Five months on, Claudia Castillo is in perfect health.
This ground-breaking procedure could be used in other transplant operations in the future. Scientists also believe stem cells might be used to treat Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, burns and so on.
However, stem cell research is extremely controversial. The most effective stem cells do not come from adults but from embryos created in laboratories and which are just a few days old. Many people have religious or ethical objections to growing embryos, even if they can be used to cure diseases.
【小題1】This transplant is considered the greatest medical breakthrough because _________.

A．this is the first organ transplant in the whole world

B．the patient is in perfect health after the operation

C．it is the first success with new stem cell technology

D．the stem cells are from an embryo developed in a lab

【小題2】Stem cells are different from the other ceils in the way that __________.

A．they are grown in the lab only

B．they can grow into different types of cell

C．they are designed for a specific purpose

D．they can work in the liver not in the heart

【小題3】What is the main idea of the third paragraph?

A．How Claudia survived in the operation

B．How to remove the cells from the donor’s organ

C．Why stem cells are needed in the transplant

D．How the windpipe is transplanted

【小題4】Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Human bodies always reject transplanted organs even with their own cells

B．The donor’s cells had to be removed because they were unhealthy

C．The transplanted organ was refilled with the stem cells only

D．Claudia will not have to take drugs to prevent rejection.

【小題5】Which word can best describe the scientists’ attitude towards the stem cell technology?

A．controversial	B．confident
C．conservative (保守的)	D．critical

Batteries can power anything from small sensors to large systems．While scientists are finding ways to make them smaller but even more powerful, problems can arise when these batteries are much larger and heavier than the devices themselves．University of Missouri（MU） researchers are developing a nuclear energy source that is smaller, lighter and more efficient．
“To provide enough power, we need certain methods with high energy density（密度）”，said Jae Kwon, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at MU．“The radioisotope（放射性同位素） battery can provide power density that is much higher than chemical batteries．”
Kwon and his research team have been working on building a small nuclear battery, presently the size and thickness of a penny, intended to power various micro / nanoelectromechanical systems （M/NEMS）．Although nuclear batteries can cause concerns, Kwon said they are safe．
“People hear the word ‘nuclear’ and think of something very dangerous,” he said, “However, nuclear power sources have already been safely powering a variety of devices, such as pace-makers, space satellites and underwater systems．”
His new idea is not only in the battery’s size, but also in its semiconductor（半導(dǎo)體）．Kwon’s battery uses a liquid semiconductor rather than a solid semiconductor．
“The key part of using a radioactive battery is that when you harvest the energy, part of the radiation energy can damage the lattice structure（晶體結(jié)構(gòu)） of the solid semiconductor,” Kwon said, “By using a liquid semiconductor, we believe we can minimize that problem．”
Together with J．David Robertson, chemistry professor and associate director of the MU Research Reactor, Kwon is working to build and test the battery．In the future, they hope to increase the battery’s power, shrink its size and try with various other materials．Kwon said that battery could be thinner than the thickness of human hair．
【小題1】Jae Kwon gave examples in Paragraph 4_________．

A．to show chemical batteries are widely applied．

B．to introduce nuclear batteries can be safely used．

C．to describe a nuclear-powered system．

D．to introduce various energy sources．

【小題2】According to Jae Kwon, his nuclear battery _______．

A．uses a solid semiconductor	B．will soon replace the present ones．
C．could be extremely thin	D．has passed the final test．

【小題3】The text is most probably a ________．

A．science news report	B．book review
C．newspaper ad	D．science fiction

It's not just adults who have a thing or two to discuss with other people, babies too have their own social lives and enjoy group interaction, according to a world-first study.
The breakthrough study conducted by psychologist Professor Ben Bradley, at Charles Sturt University, could completely transform the way child-care centers are set up. In their study, the researchers examined groups of nine-month-old babies in new South Wales and Britain.
And they came across astonishing results—it was found that infants had “social brains” and focused not just on their mothers but on social 1ife in groups as well,
“They communicate with more than one baby at once，and show jealousy and generousness，”said Professor Bradley．
He added，“They develop their own meanings through group interaction，they notice if a group member is behaving differently and they take on roles，such as leaders and followers．”
“A baby who has a depressed mother tends to be withdrawn(內(nèi)向的)，but put that same baby in a group of its peers(同齡人)and they behave and interact like any other baby．”
It was the first all-baby group study ever to be conducted．“Most studies of babies concentrate on the infant-mother relationship，assuming that is the single foundation for mental health．but babies are constantly involved with groups of people other than their mothers：fathers，siblings，grandparents and those taking care．Therefore。the ‘mother-baby approach’ needs to be combined with a‘ group approach’．”said Bradley．
Phoebe Christison ，a child-care worker at Camperdown Sunshine Bubs in Sydney’s inner west．said she often noticed what appeared．to be emotional attachments developed between toddlers．
She said，“Joel(10 months)and Isabella (11months)always like to hold hands when they sit in their high chairs and eat．And babies definitely show jealousy．They push and touch each other，and copy what the other is doing．”
【小題1】A baby who has a depressed mother ____  ．

A．tends to be a follower

B．a(chǎn)lso enjoys group interaction

C．has poor social ability

D．pays more attention to its mother

【小題2】What can be inferred from the result of this study?

A．Babies are affected by groups more than by their mothers．

B．There’s no need of child-care centers at a11．

C． Adults should include babies when having social activities．

D．The normal infant-mother bond alone isn’t enough for the good mental health for babies．

【小題3】The underlined word “toddlers” in Para．8 can be replaced by_________

A．a(chǎn)dults

B．infants

C．peers

D．groups

【小題4】The example given in the last paragraph proves that a baby________ .

A．is born to be friendly to other babies

B．has interest in peers as well as in its mother

C．may have emotional attachments to another baby

D．shows jealousy and generousness as an adult

You never see them, but they're with you every time you fly. They record where you are going, how fast you're traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally. Their ability to withstand almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book. They're known as the black box.
When planes fall from the sky, as a Yemeni airliner did on its way to Comoros Islands in the India ocean June 30, 2009, the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong. So when a French submarine (潛水艇) detected the device's homing signal five days later, the discovery marked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which 152 passengers were killed.
In 1958, Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would track basic information like altitude and direction. That was the first mode for a black box, which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by 1960. Early models often failed to withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of the plane – the area least subject to（易遭受）impact – from its original position in the landing wells (起落架艙). The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility.
Modern airplanes have two black boxes: a voice recorder, which tracks pilots' conversations, and a flight-data recorder, which monitors fuel levels, engine noises and other operating functions that help investigators reconstruct the aircraft's final moments. Placed in an insulated (隔絕的) case and surrounded by a quarter-inch-thick panels of stainless steel, the boxes can withstand massive force and temperatures up to 2,000℉. When submerged, they're also able to emit signals from depths of 20,000 ft.
Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 447, which crashed near Brazil on June 1, 2009, are in water nearly that deep, but statistics say they're still likely to turn up. In the approximately 20 deep-sea crashes over the past 30 years, only one plane's black boxes were never recovered.
【小題1】What information could be found from the black box on the Yemeni airliner?

A．Data for analyzing the cause of the crash.

B．The total number of passengers on board.

C．The scene of the crash and extent of the damage.

D．Homing signals sent by the pilot before the crash.

【小題2】Why was the black box redesigned in 1965?

A．New materials became available by that time.

B．Too much space was needed for its installation.

C．The early models often got damaged in the crash.

D．The early models didn't provide the needed data.

【小題3】Why did the Federal Aviation Authority require the black boxes be painted orange or yellow?

A．To distinguish them from the colour of the plane.

B．To caution people to handle them with care.

C．To make them easily identifiable.

D．To obey international standards

【小題4】What do we know about the black boxes from Air France Flight 447?

A．There is still a good chance of their being recovered.

B．There is an urgent need for them to be reconstructed.

C．They have stopped sending homing signals.

D．They were destroyed somewhere near Brazil.

When people talk of a virus these days, chances are that they are talking about computer virus that have the power wipe out all the valuable work people may have stored in their computers. Imagine, the virus has the power to make military systems, giant banks, airports, hospitals and traffic system come to stop!
What does a computer virus do? It targets electronic objects that are programmed. The virus spreads through connections between these electronic objects. For virus spreading experts, e-mail is a favorite method of sending their destructive (破壞性的) weapon.
But scientists warn that this is not the worst that can happen. There is more. People are also connected through phones. The next virus may actually target mobile phones, especially those that are programmed to do many tasks apart from just communicating. It would then be easy for a virus to infect those programs and create major disorder.
For example, these virus may have the power to record your phone conversations and make others hear them. They create problems with your electronic money accounts, or they could create a mountain of telephone bills for calls you never made. And that would be a disaster. A report on this was published in the New Scientist recently. 
One way out would be to have simpler phones with not so many different functions. This would mean there would mean there would be fewer programs for the virus to attack. But mobile phone producers are in a fix. People on longer want an electronic item to perform just one task. They want more and more functions added. That would mean more software programs to make the mobile phone perform all those functions. And that means the possibility of more viruses.
【小題1】It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

A．computer viruses are not so as destructive as mobile phone viruses

B．people should be careful when receiving e-mails

C．people find it difficult to use electronic equipment correctly

D．having electronic money accounts brings people a lot of convenience

【小題2】Which of the following shows that your mobile phone is infected with a virus?

A．You can’t hear the person who answers the phone clearly

B．You can’t send e-mails with your mobile phone

C．your phone bill increases for unknown reasons

D．You can hear other people’s phone conversations

【小題3】What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?

A．Mobile phone producers have made no progress.

B．Mobile phone producers are proud of their products.

C．Mobile phone producers are faced with a difficult situation.

D．Mobile phone producers refused to fight against virus.

【小題4】For whom is the passage written?

A．Government officials	B．Virus spreading experts
C．Electronic scientists	D．Mobile phone users

Motherhood may make women smarter and may help prevent dementia(癡呆) in old age by bathing the brain in protective hormones(荷爾蒙) , U.S. researchers reported on Thursday.
Tests on rats show that those who raise two or more litters of pups do considerably better in tests of memory and skills than rats who have no babies, and their brains show changes that suggest they may be protected against diseases such as Alzheimer’s (早老癡呆癥). University of Richmond psychology professor Craig Kinsley believes his findings will translate into humans.
“Our research shows that the hormones of pregnancy (懷孕) are protecting the brain, including estrogen (雌激素), which we know has many neuroprotective (保護神經(jīng)的) effects,” Kinsley said.  
“It’s rat data but humans are mammals just like these animals are mammals,” he added in a telephone interview. “They go through pregnancy and hormonal changes.”
Kinsley said he hoped public health officials and researchers will look to see if having had children protects a woman from Alzheimer’s and other forms of age-related brain decline.
“When people think about pregnancy, they think about what happens to babies and the mother from the neck down,” said Kinsley, who presented his findings to the annual meeting of the Society of Neuroscience in Orlando, Florida.
“They do not realize that hormones are washing on the brain. If you look at female animals who have never gone through pregnancy, they act differently toward young. But if she goes through pregnancy, she will sacrifice her life for her infant—that is a great change in her behavior that showed in genetic alterations(改變) to the brain.”
【小題1】How do scientists know “Motherhood may make women smarter”?

A．Some researchers have told them.

B．Many women say so.

C．They know it by experimenting on rats.

D．They know it through their own experience.

【小題2】What does the phrase “l(fā)itters of pups” mean in the second paragraph?

A．Baby rats.

B．Animals.

C．Old rats.

D．Grown-up rats.

【小題3】What can protect the brain of a woman according to the passage?

A．Estrogen.	B．The hormones of pregnancy.
C．More exercise.	D．Taking care of children.

【小題4】“It’s rat data but humans are mammals just like these animals are mammals.” What does the sentence suggest?

A．The experiments on the rats have nothing to do with humans.

B．The experiments on the rats are very important for animals.

C．The experiments on the rats are much the same on humans.

D．The experiments on the rats are much the same on other animals.

In the computer age, most of us take a broadband（寬帶）Internet connection for granted. Whether cable or mobile broadband, today’s connections are many times faster than those in the early days. Videos play smoothly, complex websites load quickly, and files download much faster than ten years ago. And the files are much bigger too.
There’s a catch, of course: You have to live near enough to a major city to get broadband Internet. If you don’t, it’s slow dial-up access for you. And for those living really far out, there may be no Internet access at all.
Technology experts often talk about the “l(fā)ast mile” problem, which refers to the difficulty of bringing Internet access to remote locations. In cities and suburbs, it’s relatively easy to provide access for everyone. It is much more difficult to deliver access to those living far from cities, especially in developing countries. Internet service providers, for their part, have been reluctant to provide access to sparsely (稀疏地) populated areas. The handful of Internet users they would reach wouldn’t cover the expense.
But every year, technological advancements allow of more and more Internet users. Most broadband connections today run over existing cable TV and telephone lines although these technologies aren’t available everywhere.
Some companies have delivered the Internet over standard power lines. Advancements in cheaper, more efficient fiber optics cables (光纖電纜) promise to bring extremely fast Internet connections to more users.
Still, the “l(fā)ast mile” problem remains hard to deal with. There will always be somewhere that doesn’t have an affordable broadband connection. But someday that might not matter. If the rapid progress in cell phone technology is any indication (跡象), it may not be too long before an Internet connection simply follows you wherever you go.
【小題1】The underlined part “a catch” (in Paragraph 2) probably means “_____”.

A．a(chǎn) rare challenge

B．a(chǎn) desirable plan

C．a(chǎn)n efficient device

D．a(chǎn) hidden problem

【小題2】What can we know from the third paragraph?

A．Internet connection has not been popular in most cities.

B．Internet service providers care about rural（農(nóng)村的）customers.

C．Computer is popular in developing countries.

D．It is hard to bring Internet access to users in remote areas.

【小題3】Paragraph 4 mainly tells us that technological advancements _____.

A．make TV and telephone available everywhere

B．bring great change to people’s everyday life

C．make it possible for more people to use the Internet

D．bring faster Internet connections to users

【小題4】What may eventually settle the “l(fā)ast mile” problem?

A．The broadband connection’s getting faster.

B．More and more Internet users.

C．more and more Internet connections.

D．The rapid progress in cell phone technology.

Are you a team person? Are you at your best as part of a small, tightly united group of dedicated workers? If so, the future may hold more for you than you think.
High technology, some predicted, would make team work a thing of the past. That’s happening in those areas of business and data processing where one person and a computer can replace a team of workers.
But, elsewhere, teamwork is very much alive. High technology has led to a new type of teamwork in a number of fields, including advertising, scientific research, engineering design, architecture and ocean exploration. Through computer networking, scientists, engineers and technicians at different locations---often thousands of miles apart---can work on the same project at once. They can exchange ideas, try out different designs and test their results.
Examples? An engineering team can now design and try out a robot system, a new manufacturing process, or an entire factory before it is built. An architectural team can do the same with a building or a bridge. A medical team can simulate (模擬) a dangerous operation before performing it on a patient.
Of course, computer–assisted team effort doesn’t end with investigation and simulation. It now usually continues into actual design, manufacturing and testing. “Computer–aided design (CAD) and computer–aided manufacture (CAM) are breaking down barriers between traditional design and manufacturing functions,” explains Dr. Prakash Rao, an engineering manager at General Electric. “Interdisciplinary teams and engineers follow a product from concept to production. Everything is interconnected like a network.”
Sometimes a computer–aided effort can extend beyond production. A team that produces robots may use them to explore space and ocean depth. For high–technology team work, the future seems limitless.
【小題1】The underlined part “hold more” most probably means to          .

A．maintain more chances	B．give more rights
C．make more regulations	D．store more information

【小題2】According to the passage, the writer believes that         .

A．teamwork requires more use of computers than that of human beings

B．teamwork will be completely replaced by computers

C．the concept of teamwork is still alive and no longer the same as the past

D．high technology would make teamwork a thing of the past

【小題3】The examples given by the writer in Paragraph 4 serve           .

A．to prove high technology has a promising future

B．to explain his idea of new type of teamwork is reasonable

C．to show that it tends to be an end to teamwork soon

D．to indicate the computer—assisted team effort just means investigation and simulation.

【小題4】Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A．Many fields of science and technology are now using computers effectively.

B．No details are given in the passage about barriers between traditional design and manufacturing functions.

C．Experts from different fields have to cooperate to develop a product from concept to production.

D．High technology is nothing but a new type of teamwork plus CAD and CAM.

【小題5】The author’s attitude to towards the introduction of the computer to teamwork is of         .

A．objection

B．indifference

C．support

D．doubt

What will man be like in the future—in 5000 or even 50, 000 years from now? We can only make guesses, of course, but we can be sure that he will be different from what he is today, for man is slowly changing all the time.
Let us take an obvious example. Man, even five hundred years ago , was shorter than he is today. Now, on average,  men are about three inches taller. Five hundred years is a relatively short period of time, so we may assume that man will continue to grow taller. Again, in the modem world we use our brains a great deal. Even so, we still make use of only about 20% of the brain’ s capacity(容量). As time goes on , however , we shall have to use our brains more and more,  and eventually we shall need larger ones! This is likely to bring about a physical change too: the head, in particular the forehead, will grow larger. Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact , we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over a very long period of time it is likely that man’ s eyes will grow stronger.
On the other hand, we tend to make less use of our arms and legs. These, as a result, are likely to grow weaker. At the same time, however , our fingers will grow more sensitive（敏感的） because they are used a great deal in modern life.
But what about hair? This will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. In the future, then, both sexes are likely to be bald.
Perhaps all this gives the impression that future man will not be a very attractive creature to look at! This may well be true. All the same, in spite of all these changes, future man will still have a lot in common with us. He will still be a human being, with thoughts and emotions similar to our own. …
【小題1】The passage mainly tells us that _______.

A．man’s life will be different in the future.

B．future man will look quite different from us.

C．man is growing taller and uglier as time passes.

D．human’s organs’ functions will become weak “

【小題2】The change in man’s size of forehead will probably be because ___________.

A．he makes use onIy20% of the brain’s capacity.

B．his brain has grown larger over the past centuries.

C．the other 80% of his brain will grow in due time

D．he will use his brain more and more as time goes on :

【小題3】What will be true about a human being in the future?

A．He will be hairless because hair is no longer useful.

B．He will have smaller eyes and will wear better glasses.

C．His fingers will grow weaker because he won’t have to make use of them.

D．He will think and feel in a different way.

【小題4】It is implied that ________.

A．human beings will become less attractive in the future

B．less use of a bodily organ may lead to its degeneration(退化,)

C．human beings hope for a change in the future life

D．future life is always predictable

The rising sea waters caused by global warming have inspired a Russian architect to design a hotel that could be built on water as well as land．The eco-friendly “Ark” could be constructed in just a few months anywhere in the world, the designer says．   
It’s called “The Ark”，but looks more like a ship sitting upside down on the water．A new design by Russian architect A1exander Remizov challenges the tradition of land-based hotel and would provide a shelter in the future—should the world face a modern-day flood as described in the Bible．
The building of the hotel could be fast and simple．“Prefabricated（預(yù)制裝配的）section could be put together in three to four months,” Remizov said． The versatile（萬能的）structure could be constructed in most corners of the earth, even in earthquake-prone areas．Constructing “The Ark"—which would include 14 000 square meters of living space???would cost roughly the same as building an energy-efficient house． The self-supporting structure would be built around a central post, connecting wind generators and heat pumps on its roof with the basement，where solar，wind，and thermal（熱量的）energy could be stored and turned into electricity． Remizov has designed the building without glass，choosing instead the lasting and self-cleaning foil（箔）that could defend itself against rough weather conditions．That foil would be fastened to metals，which would also collect rainwater．The building would also feature an indoor jungle, creating its microclimate．
【小題1】What’s the purpose of designing “The Ark,?” 

A．To prevent flood happening．	B．To draw the public’s attention
C．To secure people from flood．	D．To attract more tourists．

【小題2】Which of the following might be the shortest time to make the parts of "The Ark”?

A．14 months．

B．3 months．

C．4 months．

D．7 months．

【小題3】What is the main difference between the hotel designed by Ale Remizov and other hotels?

A．It can be built on water．	B．It is energy-efficient．
C．It is eco-friendly．	D．It has enough living space．

【小題4】What characteristics will the new hotel have?

A．A climate with no rain will form around the hotel．

B．The material can protect the hotel from bad weather．

C．A power station will be built in the hotel．

D．Bricks will be used as the materials instead of glass．