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Imagine that the genome (基因組) is a book. The book consists of 23 chapters with thousands of stories made up of paragraphs, words and letters on different levels. There are one billion words in the book, which makes it longer than 5,000 volumes the size of this book, or as long as 800 Bibles. If I read the genome out to you at the rate of one word per second for eight hours a day, it would take me a century. If I wrote out the human genome, one letter per millimeter, my text would be as long as the River Danube. This is an enormous document. A huge volume, a cook book of great length, and it all fits inside the extremely small nucleus (核) of a tiny cell that fits easily upon the head of a pin.
The idea of the genome as a book is not, strictly speaking, even a metaphor (比喻), It is true to a great extent. A book is a piece of digital information, written in one-directional form and defined by a code that translates a small alphabet of letters into a large dictionary of meanings through the order of their groupings. So is a genome. The only complication is that all English books read from left to right, while some parts of the genome read from left to right, and some from right to left, though never both at the same time.
While English books are written in words of different lengths using twenty-six letters. Genomes are written entirely in three-letter words, using only four letters, And instead of being written on flat pages, they are written on long chains of DNA molecules (分子), The genome is a very clever book, because in the right conditions it can both photocopy itself and read itself.
【小題1】How do human genomes read according to the passage?

A．Only from left to right.	B．Only from right to left.
C．From both directions at the same time	D．From one direction at a time

【小題2】We can learn from the passage that the human genome ______.

A．is as long as the River Danube

B．can be easily placed on the head of a pin

C．is coded with and alphabet of four letters

D．is smart enough to read and take photos of itself

【小題3】It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for ______.

A．specialists in the field	B．general readers
C．natural scientists	D．readers with academic background

【小題4】The real purpose of the author’s comparison of the genome to a book is ______.

A．to focus on the differences between the two

B．to lay emphasis on the similarities between the two

C．to simplify the concept of the human genome

D．to give an exact description of the human genome

As in the field of space travel, new technologies continue to appear in undersea exploration. They share a number of similarities with each other — as well as some important differences.
Manned submersibles (潛水器), like spaceships, must maintain living conditions in an unnatural environment. While a spaceship must simply be sealed against the vacuum space, a submersible must be able to bear extreme pressure if it is not to break up in deep water.
In exploring space, unmanned vehicles were employed before astronauts. In undersea exploration, on the other hand, men paved the way, and only recently have unmanned remote-operated vehicles (ROVs) been put to use.
One reason for this is that communicating with vehicles in orbit is much easier than talking to those underwater. A vacuum is an ideal medium for radio communications, but underwater communications are limited to much slower sound waves. Thus, most undersea vehicles — particularly ROVs — operate at the end of long ropes.(電纜終端)
For a similar reason, knowing where you are undersea is much more difficult than in space. A spaceship’s position can be located by following its radio signal, or by using telescopes and radar. For an undersea vehicle, however, a special network of sonar （聲納系統(tǒng)）devices must be laid out in advance on the ocean floor in the area of a dive to locate the vehicle’s position.
Though undersea exploration is more challenging than outer space in a number of respects, it has a distinct advantage: going to the ocean depths doesn’t require the power necessary to escape Earth’s gravity. Thus, it remains far less expensive.
【小題1】The purpose of the passage is ______.

A．to persuade you to explore the depths of the ocean

B．to stress the importance of the undersea exploration

C．to make you believe that the undersea exploration is better

D．to tell some differences between two kinds of explorations

【小題2】 By saying “men paved the way” in Paragraph 2 the author means that in undersea exploration ______.

A．unmanned vehicles were used in the beginning

B．men covered the ocean floor with stones and bricks

C．manned vehicles were employed before unmanned ones

D．men invented unmanned remote-operated vehicles in the past

【小題3】The sonar devices must be placed ______.

A．from time to time

B．a(chǎn)fter the undersea vehicles dive

C．before the undersea vehicles dive

D．when the undersea vehicles are diving

【小題4】What can we infer from the passage?

A．Submersibles usually break up in deep water.

B．Undersea vehicles can receive signals immediately.

C．Going to space needs power to escape the gravity.

D．Radio communications are quite difficult in a vacuum.

It is common for older people to forget things. Now an American study has found that memory starts to fail when we are young adults. People younger than thirty years of age usually do not know that they are starting to forget information. But scientists from the University of Michigan say the loss of memory has usually already started.
Researchers say people do not observe this slow reduction in mental ability until the loss affects their everyday activities.
Denise Park led the new study. She directs the Centre for Aging and Cognition at the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. Her team studied more than 350 men and women between the ages of twenty and ninety years. The study identified people in their middle twenties with memory problems.
She says young adults do not know they are forgetting things because their brains have more information than they need.
But she says that people in their twenties and thirties are losing memory at the same rate as people in their sixties and seventies.
Ms. Park says people between the ages of sixty and seventy may note the decrease in their mental abilities. They begin to observe that they are having more trouble remembering and learning new information.
The study found that older adults are more likely to remember false information as being true. For example, they remembered false medical claims as being true. Younger people remembered hearing the information. But they were more likely to remember that it was false.
Ms. Park is now using modern imaging equipment to study what happens in the brains of people of different ages. She is studying what parts of the brain older adults use for different activities compared to younger adults. Ms. Park says mental performance is a direct result of brain activity and brain structure. She says keeping the brain active is important. She hopes future studies will identify ways to improve the operation of our aging minds.
【小題1】The passage is meant to _____________.

A．emphasize the importance of exercising the brain

B．a(chǎn)nalyze the difference between different age groups on the loss of memory

C．reveal the decrease in mental ability of young adults as well as older adults

D．introduce effective ways to improve memory

【小題2】 According to the passage, young adults differ from older adults in that ________.

A．they lose their memory at a slower rate

B．they rarely realize they have memory problems

C．their brains can store much more information

D．a(chǎn)ll of the above

【小題3】 Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

A．Not until the loss of memory affects their daily activities, do people notice the decrease in their mental abilities.

B．People begin to lose memory in their twenties.

C．Older people tend to remember false information as being true.

D．Younger people find it easier to remember the information that is proven false.

【小題4】It can be inferred from what Denis Park says that ______.

A．mental performance can be improved

B．mental ability is determined entirely by brain structure

C．people of different ages use different parts of the brain for memorizing

D．different parts of the brain are responsible for different mental activities

【小題5】Which of the following is a suitable title for the passage?

A．The Mysterious Brain	B．The Ability to Forget
C．Memory Reduction	D．Mental Performance

Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.
The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a researcher at the University of Vienna in Austria, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw “. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not. But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing.
“We found that the dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw,” the researchers write. The unrewarded dogs eventually stopped cooperating.
Scientists have long known that humans pay close attention to inequity. But researchers always assumed that animals didn’t share the trait. “The argument was that this is a uniquely human phenomenon,” says Frans de Waal, a professor of psychology at Emory University in Atlanta.
That changed in 2003 when he and a colleague did a study on monkeys. The monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber in return. They were happy to do this. But if they saw that another monkey was getting a more delicious reward, a grape, for doing the same job, they would throw away the food and rock, and at some point just stopped performing.
In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment. But when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got dark bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that as long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, the animals would play along.
【小題1】How did the dogs in Range’s study react to the order of “giving the paw”?

A．They took the order even without being rewarded.

B．They took the order only when rewarded.

C．They turned a deaf ear to repeated orders.

D．They hesitated longer when given repeated orders.

【小題2】 The research by Frans De Waal in 2003 ___________.

A．originated from Range’s research on dogs.

B．showed that animals do pay attention to inequity.

C．began the argument that only humans are aware of inequity.

D．was conducted to find out how monkeys reacted to humans’ orders.

【小題3】 Some monkeys in the research become angry because they found another monkey _______.

A．was given less work.

B．was given more food.

C．was given the same type of food.

D．was given more delicious food.

【小題4】 Range found that, compared with monkeys, dogs ____________.

A．care more about whether they are rewarded.

B．care less about what they are rewarded with.

C．care more about what they are ordered to do.

D．care less about who gives them orders.

【小題5】 What is the main idea of the passage?

A．Animals have various ways to show their anger.

B．Dogs are less intelligent than monkeys.

C．Dogs have a sense of fairness.

D．Most animals want to be rewarded equally.

Imagine living locked inside a closet. You can’t choose when and what to eat or how you will spend your time. You can’t even decide when the lights go on and off. Think about spending your whole life like this.
This is the life of lab animals.
Now consider the needs of these animals. Chimpanzees(黑猩猩),in their natural homes, are never separated from their families. They spend hours together every day. But in a lab, chimpanzees are put in cages alone. There are no families, only cold, hard cages, and loneliness that goes on for so many years that most of them lose their minds at last.
Worse yet are the experiments. Animals are given diseases they would never normally get. Experimenters force-feed(給……強(qiáng)行喂食) chemicals to them, conduct repeated surgeries(手術(shù)),and much more, Think of what it would be like to put up with these and then be thrown back into a cage, usually without any painkillers. Often animals see other animals being killed right in front of them.
Hundreds of thousands of animals are poisoned, blinded, and killed every year in product tests for shampoos, skin creams and new cancer drugs. Although more than 500 companies have stopped testing on animals, some of them still force chemicals into monkeys’ stomachs and rabbits’ eyes.
Although some facilities are better than others at caring for animals—not every lab worker kills a mouse by cutting off its head with scissors—there are no happy animals inside laboratories. Will the lab life end? When will it end?
【小題1】The passage mainly tells us about       .

A．a(chǎn)nimals’ lives in laboratories

B．cruel experiments on animals

C．the needs of animals in labs

D．facilities used to care for animals

【小題2】Animals in a lab         .
①are very cold, and in separate cages
②feel lonely locked inside a cage
③aren’t fed anything but chemicals
④are forced to undergo cruel tests
⑤are forced to eat chemicals

A．①③④

B．②③⑤

C．②④⑤

D．①④⑤

【小題3】We can infer from the passage that _________.

A．some companies have found ways to replace animal tests

B．a(chǎn)nimals normally get no strange diseases

C．a(chǎn)nimals are happy in labs with better facilities

D．painkillers can change the results of experiments

【小題4】The author’s attitude towards the future of animals for experiment can be described as _______.

A．positive

B．worried

C．satisfied

D．disappointed

Boom boom!( I’m here, come to me!)
Krak krak!( Watch out, a leopard (豹)！)
Hok hok hok!( Hey, crowned eagle!)
Very good — you’ve already mastered half the basic vocabulary of the Campbell’s monkey, which lives in the forests of the Tai National Park in Ivory Coast. The adult males have six types of call, each with a specific meaning, but they can mix two or more calls together into a message with a different meaning.
Having spent months recording the monkeys’ calls in response to both natural and artificial stimuli (刺激物), a group led by Klaus Zuberbuhler of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland argues that the Campbell’s monkeys have a certain form of syntax(句法).
This is likely to be controversial because despite great effort to teach chimpanzees(大猩猩) language, they showed little or no ability to combine the sounds they learned into a sentence with a larger meaning. Syntax, basic to the structure of language, uniquely belongs to humans.
“Krak” is a call that warns of leopards in the neighborhood. The monkeys give it in response to real leopards and to leopard shouting broadcast by the researchers. The monkeys can vary the call by adding “-oo”: “Krak-oo” seems to be a general word for hunter, but one given in a special context – when monkeys hear but don’t see a hunter, or when they hear the alarm calls of another species.
The “boom-boom” call invites other monkeys to come toward the male making the sound. Two booms can be combined with a series of “krak-oos”, with a meaning entirely different to that of either of its single parts. “Boom boom krak-oo krak-oo krak-oo” is the monkey’s version of “Timber!” – it warns of falling trees.
If Zuberbuhler is correct, the Campbell’s monkeys can both vary the meaning of specific calls by adding something and combine calls to make a different meaning.
【小題1】What is the passage mainly about?

A．A group of scientists.	B．Calls of Campbell’s monkeys.
C．The lifestyle of monkeys.	D．The importance of language.

【小題2】According to the passage, chimpanzees       .

A．don’t communicate by sounds

B．only understand simple sentences

C．fail to learn language from humans

D．a(chǎn)re not related to the Campbell’s monkeys

【小題3】If the Campbell’s monkeys hear a lion’s shouting, they will call “  ”.

A．Krak

B．Boom

C．Boom boom krak-oo krak-oo krak-oo

D．Krak-oo

【小題4】 According to the passage, it seems that        .

A．Zuberbuhler has spent years in the forests

B．the writer isn’t sure of Zuberbuhler’s opinions

C．the Campbell’s monkeys are cleverer than other animals

D．the Campbell’s monkeys can express six meanings by calls

Ever thought you’d get to experience the smell of ancient Egyptian queen Cleopatra’s hair, or the scent(氣味) of the sun? Visitors to the Reg Vardy Gallery will soon be able to do just that.
The gallery, at Sunderland University, England, is holding a new exhibition “If There Ever Was”. It focuses on scent rather than sight.
The innovative(創(chuàng)新的) idea is the brainchild of curator(館長(zhǎng)) Robert Blackson. His inspiration came from reading the book Fast Food Nation. The book discussed the use of artificial chemicals to flavor things such as milkshakes, making them smell and taste like strawberries, when they’re not actually made from them.
A smell can often conjure up(召喚) memories such as school dinners or a childhood holiday by the sea, but the smells on display, will allow visitors to experience smells their noses won’t have been able to pick out before.
“There’s a whole variety of different smells, including some extinct flowers,” explains Blackson. “Some have been gone for hundreds of years.”
One extraordinary fragrance(香氣) is the aftermath(災(zāi)難的后果) of the first atomic bomb, dropped on Japan on August 6,1945.
There is also the smell of Clepatra’s hair, based on incense(熏香) that was popular among ancient Egyptians.
The Soviet Mir space station, which burnt up in the atmosphere in 2001, smells of charred(燒焦的) material (the space station caught fire).
Among the stranger smells is the “surface of the sun”.
“It is hard to sum up. It is an atmospheric smell, like walking into a room when the sun has been pouring in” says Blackson. “It gives a freshness, a sun kissed feel with a bit of metal. If you can say something smells hot, this is it.”
A team of 11, including perfume designers, have been working on recreating the smells for the exhibition. James Wong, a botanist（植物學(xué)家）at Botanic Gardens Conservation International, UK, helped in the recreation of the smells of four extinct flowering plants.
He did this by closely linking the extinct flowers with the smells of existing ones. With the help of historical reports of how the extinct flowers smelled, he was able to remix the aromas(芳香).
The exhibition runs until June 6.Fourteen extinct and impossible smells are on display.
【小題1】What might be the best title of the passage?

A．The Reg Vardy Gallery	B．Egyptian queen Cleopatra’s hair
C．A visit to a new exhibition	D．The scents of ancient Egypt

【小題2】Visitors can enjoy all of the following scents at the Reg Vardy Gallery EXCEPT  .

A．the scent of ancient Egyptian queen Cleopatra’s hair

B．the smells of charred material of the Soviet Mir space station

C．the scent of having a childhood vacation by the sea

D．the smell of the aftermath of the first atomic bomb dropped on Japan

【小題3】Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Visitors go to Reg Vardy Gallery to enjoy beautiful sights.

B．James Wong managed to remix the aromas by referring to some historical reports.

C．The exhibition will last until July 6.

D．The scents visitors will smell are found in the tomb (墳?zāi)? of the ancient Egyptian queen Cleopatra.

【小題4】In which session are you likely to read the passage in a newspaper?

A．Science

B．Education

C．Entertainment

D．Economy

SCIENTISTS have discovered that living to the age of 100 may have nothing to do with the lifestyle you lead and everything to do with the type of genes (基因) you have.
For the lucky carriers of “Methuselah” genes, worries over smoking, eating unhealthily and not getting enough exercise may not be as necessary as to those of us without the special gene pattern .
The “Methuselah” genes could give extra protection against the diseases of old age such as cancer and heart disease. They could also protect people against the effects of the unhealthy lifestyles that we believe will lead us to an early death, scientists say. However, the genes are very rare.
The genes include ADIPOQ, which is found in about 10 percent of young people but in nearly 30 percent of people living past 100. They also include the CETP and the ApoC3 genes, which are found in 10 percent of young people, but in about 20 percent of people over 100 years old.
Some of those genes were discovered by a research group at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, led by Professor Nir Barzilai. The team studied the genes of over 500 people over 100 years old, and their children.
The studies show that tiny mutations (變異) in the make-up of some genes can greatly increase a person’s lifespan. Barzilai told a Royal Society conference that the discovery of such genes gave scientists clear targets for developing drugs that could prevent age-related diseases, allow people to live longer and stay healthy.
David Gems, a researcher at University College London, believes that drugs to slow ageing will become widespread.
“If we know which genes control longevity (長(zhǎng)壽) then we can … target them with drugs. That makes it possible to slow down ageing,” he told The Times.
“Much of the pain and suffering in the world are caused by ageing. If we can find a way to reduce that, then we are obliged to take it.”
【小題1】 According to the article, which of the following is the most important if a person is to live to the age of 100?

A．Eating healthy food every day.

B．Having the right types of genes.

C．Having a healthy lifestyle.

D．Taking drugs that prevent ageing.

【小題2】According to the article, the ApoC3 gene is found in ______ of people over 100 years old.

A．10%

B．20%

C．30%

D．50%

【小題3】Which of the following statements is TRUE of the research led by Professor Nir Barzilai?

A．The team studied the genes of over 100 people over 100 years of age.

B．The researchers found that mutations in certain genes lead to longer life.

C．The researchers found ways to develop drugs that could cure age-related diseases.

D．The study suggested that most people have genes that could lengthen their lives.

【小題4】 According to David Gems, ______.

A．drugs to slow ageing will be very expensive

B．modern science will be able to find more longevity genes

C．it is the duty of medical scientists to fight the problems of ageing

D．scientists can make new genes that will allow longer life

Have you ever heard a news reporter talk about DNA? Reporters talk about DNA found at the scene of a crime. They talk about police finding DNA “fingerprints.” Police sometimes use DNA as a clue to find out who committed the crime.
DNA is a substance（物質(zhì)） that makes up genes. Everything alive has genes. Plans have genes. Animals have genes. You have genes.
Genes are the basic units of heredity（遺傳）. Heredity means all the characteristics you inherit from your parents. You get your genes from your parents. You inherit half of your genes from your mother. You inherit half of your genes from your father.
Genes are a kind of code. A tree’s genes tell what shape its leaves will be. A cat’s genes tell what color its fur will be. Your genes tell what color your eyes will be. Your genes tell what color your hair will be. Everything about you comes from the code in your genes.
Genes line up on strands（鏈） called chromosomes（染色體） in cells. Everything alive is made up of cells. Chromosomes are in the center, or nucleus, of cells.
Different parts of you are made of different kinds of cells. Your muscles are made of muscle celIs. Your skin is made of skin cells. The code in your genes tells your body to make different kinds of cells. The genes in each cell tell the cell how to work. They tell the cell when to make new copies of itself.
An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel first saw inherited patterns in pea plants. He experimented with pea plants in the 1860s. One of the things, or traits（特質(zhì)）， Mendel studied was what makes some pea plants tall and some short. He said that the traits must come from units of heredity passed from the parent plants. These units were later called genes.
In the mid-1900s, scientists discovered that genes are made of DNA. In the 1970s, scientists learned how to change DNA with genetic engineering. Scientists also learned that problems with certain genes cause diseases. Muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia are some genetic diseases-diseases caused by problems in genes. Today, scientists are looking for ways to cure genetic diseases by changing genes through a process called gene therapy.
【小題1】 What is DNA?

A．DNA is a kind of gene.

B．DNA is a substance that makes up genes.

C．DNA is the basic unit of heredity.

D．DNA is a measure to protect crime.

【小題2】 Which of the following about genes is correct according to the passage?

A．Plants, animals and human beings have the same genes.

B．Half people inherit all genes from their mother, others from their father.

C．Genes decide the trees shapes, the cats’ fur color and our eyes’ color as well.

D．Genes will give you a code when you need them.

【小題3】Where are genes?

A．Genes lining up on strands called chromosomes are in the center of cells.

B．Genes hide in everything alive in your body.

C．Genes can be nowhere but in your mind, controlling all your actions.

D．Genes travel in your body and help cope skin, muscle, and eyes.

【小題4】An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel         .

A．first saw inherited patterns in people

B．was interested in why plants were different

C．first called the units of heredity from parents genes

D．was the first who discovered genes

【小題5】 We can conclude that         .

A．scientists were less intelligent than monks in 1900s

B．some genes are bad and can cause diseases

C．we don’t need to worry about genetic diseases any longer

D．the discovery of genes may be of great help in our daily life

Goats are amazing animals. They can survive just about anywhere. Altogether there are nine species of goats in the world.
Goats have more uses than you could ever imagine. Goat’s meat can be eaten and goat’s milk is becoming popular as a healthy choice to drink milk. Goat’s milk is easier to take in than cow’s milk and it is called universal milk as it can be used to bottle-feed most animals. In nutrition, it is also good. Goat’s skins are still used today to make gloves and other items of clothing. The initial reasons for domesticating (馴化) goats were to get goat’s hair, meat and milk. Goat’s skins were used up until the Middle Ages for making bottles to hold water and wine for people who were traveling or camping.
Just like sheep, goats are considered to be the first domesticated animal. The domestication process began over 10,000 years ago in a North Iranian town. A lot of people keep goats as pets nowadays.
Goats are easily trained and you can teach them to pull carts and walk on ropes. Goats are also known for escaping their pens(圈). If you have unsecured fencing, your goats will be interested in it and test it out and soon you will know where the openings are. Goats are also widely known for their ability to climb trees, although the tree generally has to be at a slight angle(角度).
If goats are raised correctly and trained from an early age, they never develop any bad habits. Goats will attack each other. However, if they’re corrected from an early age they never attack humans or other animals.
【小題1】The passage is written mainly 　   　.

A．to tell people how to raise goats	B．to let people know more about goats
C．to explain how goats are domesticated	D．to describe goats of different uses

【小題2】Why is goat’s milk called universal milk?

A．It is rich in nutrition and easy to take in.	B．It is good for our health.
C．It is suitable to feed most animals.	D．It is easy to get.

【小題3】If you want to keep a goat as a pet, it is important 　   　.

A．to get along well with it	B．to find a professional trainer
C．to develop its ability	D．to train it when young

【小題4】Which of the following words can best describe goats?

A．Curious and clever.	B．Unfriendly and naughty.
C．Careful and lazy.	D．Stubborn and quiet.