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When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses． This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect．
The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964． Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work． As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed （刺） by a man later identified as Winston Moseley． Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help． The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．
Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans． As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments．
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect． First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility． Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present． The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways． When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．
Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous． In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．
【小題1】The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because          a woman surnamed Genovese．  

A．it somehow caused the murder of

B．its discovery resulted from the murder of

C．it was actually discovered by

D．it always makes people think of

【小題2】Genovese was murdered         ．  

A．while she was going out	B．in her apartment
C．halfway home	D．near her apartment

【小題3】 Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?

A．They believed in the bystander effect．

B．They thought someone else might help her．

C．They didn't think they should help．

D．They didn't think she needed help．

【小題4】 Before deciding to offer help, observers may         , according to the psychologists． 

A．wait for sort of a signal

B．hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt

C．want to be sure it's appropriate to react

D．wonder if the victim is worth helping

【小題5】The article seems to suggest that, if there had been         observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．   

A．no

B．fewer

C．more

D．braver

In this age of Internet chat，videogames and reality television，there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied．Yet，despite the competition，my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories．She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest，a competition she won last year．
As a writer I know about winning contests，and about losing them．I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher．I also know the pressure of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories．What if she doesn.t win the contest again？That’s the strange thing about being a parent．So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface．
A revelation（啟示）came last week when l asked her，”Don’t you want to win again？” “No,” she replied，“I just want to tell the story of an angel（天使）going to first grade．”
I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously（自發(fā)地）told them．Telling myself that l was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall. I offered suggestions for characters，conflicts and endings for her tales．The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly“guided”by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson．I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it．
Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks．Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade，I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting（借用）my daughter’s experience．
While stepping back was difficult for me，it was certainly a good first step that l will quickly follow with more steps，putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked．All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment，grow and find their own voices．
【小題1】What did the author say about her own writing experience？

A．Most of her stories had been rejected by publishers．

B．She did not quite live up to her reputation as a writer．

C．Her way to success was full of pains and frustrations．

D．She was constantly under pressure of writing more．

【小題2】Why did Rebecca want to enter this year’s writing contest？

A．She wanted to share her stories with readers．

B．She was sure of winning with her mother’s help．

C．She believed she possessed real talent for writing．

D．She had won a prize in the previous contest．

【小題3】The author took great pains to refine her daughter’s stories because       ．

A．she was afraid Rebecca’s imagination might run wild while writing

B．she did not want to disappoint Rebecca who needed her help so much

C．she believed she had the knowledge and experience to offer guidance

D．she wanted to help Rebecca realize her dreams of becoming a writer

【小題4】What’s the author’s advice for parents？

A．Parents should keep an eye on the activities their kids engage in．

B．Children should be allowed freedom to grow through experience．

C．A writing career，though attractive，is not for every child to pursue．

D．Children should be given every chance to voice their opinions．

When you are at odds with someone close to you，the One-Minute Drill can show you how to express your feelings effectively-and how to listen more skillfully．All it requires is two individuals who are committed to improving their relationship．
Set aside at least ten minutes，and then sit facing each other．Decide who will be the Talker and who will be the Lastener．It makes no difference，because later you will change roles．
How to perform the One-Minute Drill
For approximately 30 seconds，the Talker can say anything he or she wants．Your job will be to express your thoughts and feelings．You can discuss problems you’ve had a hard time talking about．Remember to limit yourself to about 30 seconds．When the Talker finishes，the Listener will summarize what the Talker just said，as well as how the Talker was feeling inside，as accurately as possible．
The Talker now gives the Listener a grade between 0 and 100 percent to indicate how accurate the summary was．If the rating is 95 percent or more，you can change roles；the new Talker can continue with the same topic or move on to something entirely new．
However，if the grade is below 95 percent，the Talker should point out what the Listener missed or got wrong，and repeat the process until the overall rating is 95 percent or more．Then you can change roles and repeat the exercise for as long as you both like．
How it works
Thirty seconds of emotionally charged information is sufficiently challenging for anyone．Express your feelings in strong，clear，direct language，but as your partner will be listening attentively，you won’t need to shout，exaggerate or put your partner down．
The Listener should sit and listen respectfully without interrupting．Look into your partner’s eyes，but avoid using negative body language． If you like，take a few notes．
So the Talker might say：“When I come home from work， I feel tired and I need some quiet time．But you tell me I’m supposed to spend time with the kids．This makes me feel frustrated．I work hard and I’m exhausted at the end of the day．I feel like I deserve a little time to relax，not listen to more demands．”
In response，the Listener might summarize like this：“You just told me that you feel exhausted when you come home at night because you’ve been working hard all day．When l tell you l want you to spend time with the kids，you feel frustrated and ticked off because you’re tired and you need time to relax．You see me as very demanding，and you’re probably feeling like I don’t appreciate you．”
The first time you attempt the One-Minute Drill，you may get a low score．Don’t worry，because you’ll get up to speed quickly．Once you’ve tried this exercise a few times，you’ll find that you can nearly always get ratings of 95 percent or better on the first or second try．
【小題1】Who is the One-Minute Drill intended for？

A．Those who are preparing for the interview in order to make a good first impression．

B．Those who have difficulty communicating with their colleagues or family members．

C．Those who have troubled relationships with their friends or family members and try to improve them．

D．Those who are to act some roles in a certain play for the first time in their life．

【小題2】Which of the following is NOT true？

A．The Talker should talk about his/her thoughts and feelings in a brief way．

B．The Listener should listen carefully，respectfully and later summarize accurately．

C．After the Talker finishes talking，the Listener is to give him/her a grade．

D．In the One-Minute Drill，the Talker and the Listener change roles in the process．

【小題3】From the example given in“How it works”，we can guess that the talk might be between      ．

A．father and son	B．mother and daughter
C．sister and brother	D．husband and wife

【小題4】What does the underlined part“ticked off”probably mean in this reading？

A．very angry	B．burst into tears
C．marked with a symbol	D．fast asleep

  Imagine yourself on a boat looking out at the horizon and all you can see is the water meeting the sky with no land in sight and you are sailing straight ahead to meet the world. Jesse Martin does not have to imagine: he is living in it.
On Dec. 7, 1998, at 17 years old, Jesse set sail from Melbourne, Australia on his boat, attempting to become the youngest person to sail alone and nonstop around the world. He sailed south of New Zealand, through the South Pacific, around South America, north on the Atlantic, back south past Africa, through the Indian Ocean and back to Melbourne.
Even as a young child, Jesse had been an adventurer who traveled all over Europe and Asia with his parents. Born in Munich, Germany in 1981, he moved to Australia with his family when he was only two years old. They moved close to a rainforest in Cow Bay, about 3500kms north of Melbourne, where they built a small house with no electricity or running water. Jesse grew up at the beach enjoying the outdoors to its fullest.
At 14, he sailed for the first time with his father and brother, Beau. It was after this trip that he began to dream about sailing around the world.
Jesse’s family played an important role. “I was made to believe I could do anything.” he says. Although, he says, there were others that were not so encouraging or supportive, “People that I looked up to, respected and trusted told me I couldn’t. Thankfully, I trusted myself. There were people that said that the boat couldn’t be ready by the time I had to leave.” However, through perseverance and belief in himself he was able to do what many told him was impossible.
On Oct.31, 1999, more than 10 months after he set sail, Jesse Martin went down in history as the youngest person to sail around the world alone, nonstop and unassisted.
【小題1】 What’s the author’s purpose in encouraging the reader to imagine a sailing experience?

A．To show how difficult it is to be a sailor.

B．To show how wonderful Jesse’s sailing is.

C．To describe what Jesse’s sailing is like.

D．To describe what a sailor’s life is like.

【小題2】 Jesse Martin was at the end of his voyage when he _______.

A．sailed on the South Pacific.

B．sailed on the Indian Ocean.

C．sailed past Africa

D．sailed past South America.

【小題3】 Which of the following made Jesse decide to sail alone around the world?

A．His childhood adventure experiences.

B．His journeys to Europe.

C．His first sailing trip with his family.

D．His love for outdoor activities.

【小題4】 What can we learn from Jesse Martin’s story?

A．Interest leads to success.

B．A strong belief will make a person stronger.

C．Life is an unusual adventure we should enjoy.

D．Failure is the mother of success.

Matt grows the best vegetables in the village. He grows fruit too – big, sweet apples and oranges. And what else? Well, the biggest and the prettiest flowers.
Things grow in Matt’s garden all through the year. He cuts some flowers for his sitting room table; and of course , he eats some fruit and vegetables. But he sells everything else in the market. Matt is not a poor man.
He knows a few other gardens; but he does not have any friends. You might ask, “What is that?” Why doesn’t he have friends. I will tell you. People do not understand him. And they do not understand his garden. “Why not?” You will ask. “It is a very good garden, isn’t it?” It is a wonderful garden. Matt plants things in spring, summer, autumn and winter. After that he does very little work. He sits in the garden with his small radio. And everything grows.
People ask, “How does Matt grow these wonderful things? He waters the plants sometimes, but he doesn’t do anything else. He just sits under an orange tree with his radio. He listens to music nearly all day!” and that is all quite true. People cannot understand it, and so they don’t like it very much.
Matt likes music. But what about the garden? Who does the work? I will tell you another true thing: the music does the work. All plants love music; and Matt knows that.
Do you want big vegetables and the loveliest flowers? Well, just give your plants a lot of music.
【小題1】There are not only vegetables and flowers, but also ________ in Matt’s garden.

A．plants

B．fruit trees

C．a(chǎn)nts

D．crops

【小題2】Matt makes a living by ___________

A．selling his vegetables, fruit and flowers	B．growing trees in his garden
C．working in the market	D．helping other people growing plants

【小題3】 Everything in Matt’s garden grows well because  ______

A．he has a good garden

B．he is good at growing things and likes listening to the radio

C．music helps his plants a lot

D．he is very hardworking

【小題4】People don’t like Matt because ____________

A．he doesn’t give them any vegetables or fruit	B．he listens to the radio too much
C．they don’t understand him	D．Matt doesn’t let them listen to his radio

If we observe carefully, we van find that most of the flowers in nature are red, orange and yellow. If we have seen a black flower, it’s a chance in million. People have made a census(普查)to colours of more than four thousand kinds of flowers and discovered that only eight of them are black. Why?
As we know, sunlight is formed by seven different kinds of coloured light. The wave length of each light changes, so the quantity of heat in each light changes, too. Flowers, especially their petals(花瓣), are very delicate(纖弱) and prone(易于) to the harm caused by high temperature. Black flowers can take in all the light waves, which cause the flowers to dry up in a high temperature. So black flowers can rarely survive sunlight. But red flowers, orange flowers and yellow flowers can protect themselves from sunlight by reflecting the red light, orange light and yellow light, each of which has a large quantity of heat.
That is why red, orange and yellow flowers are very common in nature while black flowers are so rare.
【小題1】We can hardly find black flowers because  _____.

A．they are so weak that it’s difficult for them to grow up

B．there are no black flowers in the world.

C．the petals of black flowers are very delicate

D．they can take in the light of all wave lengths, which make the flowers dry up

【小題2】 Sunlight is formed by _____.

A．many different kinds of coloured light

B．three different kinds of coloured light—red, orange and yellow

C．seven different kinds of coloured light

D．four thousand kinds of coloured light

【小題3】The red, orange or yellow light contains _____.

A．less heat than the other lights	B．more heat than the other lights
C．a(chǎn) great deal of heat	D．a(chǎn) little heat

【小題4】“It is a chance in a million” means_____________

A．it is common

B．it is extremely rare

C．it’s lucky

D．it’s impossible

Music is an international language. The songs that are sung or played by instruments are beautiful to all people everywhere.
Popular music in America is what every student likes. Students carry small radios with earphones and listen to music before class, after class and at lunch. Students with cars buy large speakers (揚(yáng)聲器) and play the music loudly as they drive on the street.
Adult drivers listen to music on the car radio as they drive to work. They also listen to the news about sports, the weather, politics, and activities of the American people. But most of the radio broadcast is music.
Pop or popular music singers make much money. They make a CD or tape which radio stations use in every state. Once the popular singer is heard throughout the country, young people buy his or her tapes. Some of the money from these tapes comes to the singer. Wherever the singer goes, all the young people want to meet him or her. Now the singer has become a national star.
Besides pop music, there are two other kinds of music that is important to Americans. One is called folk music. It tells stories about the common life of Americans. The other is called western or country music. This was started by cowboys who would sing at night to the cows they were watching. Today, any music about country life and the love between a country boy and his girl is called western or country music.
【小題1】 In America, every student likes ______.

A．folk music

B．country music

C．pop music

D．western music

【小題2】 According to the passage, most of the car radio broadcast is ______.

A．sports

B．the weather

C．politics

D．music

【小題3】What do the cowboys do according to the passage?

A．They sell cows.	B．They watch cows.
C．They sing and dance.	D．They travel around.

【小題4】 How many kinds of music are mentioned in the passage?

A．Three.

B．Four.

C．Five.

D．Six.

【小題5】What’s the best title of the passage?

A．Music in America	B．Music Listeners
C．Cowboys in America	D．International Language

Height is just one of the thousands of features your genes(基因)decide. In fact, because you have two parents, your genes provide you a height that usually lands somewhere between the height of each parent. If both your parents are tall, then most probably you will be tall, too, but if you have questions about how tall you're going to be, ask your doctor if he or she can help you find it out.
But genes don't decide everything. For example, eating an unhealthy diet can keep you from growing to your full potential(潛力). Getting plenty of sleep and enough exercise will help you grow to the expected height.
No doubt(懷疑) you're wondering how fast you should grow. It depends. There's no perfect or right answer. Generally speaking, kids grow about 2 inches (6 centimeters) a year between age 3 and the time when they start puberty (when your body starts changing and becoming more grown up).
Your doctor will know how your growth has been going over the years. Two centimeters here and 2 inches there are not nearly as important as the height you're at now, how you've been growing up to this point, and what other changes your body may be going through.
Don't be scared if you seem to have grown a lot in a very short time. Everyone has a growth spurt（高峰）during puberty. The age for starting puberty is about 10 for girls and about 11 for boys. But it can be earlier or later ——between 7 and 13 for girls and 9 and 15 for boys.
You'll usually begin to notice that you're growing faster about a year or so after your body starts to show the first changes of puberty.
【小題1】If you want to know how fast and how tall you should grow, ____________.

A．you should have enough exercise	B．you can ask doctors for help
C．you should save the environment	D．You can record your growth during puberty

【小題2】 This passage is mainly about ____________.

A．how the genes work in your body	B．when is the time you grow fast
C．why you look like your parents	D．how you grow to a certain height

【小題3】 After reading this passage, we can explain ___________.

A．how good it is to be a doctor	B．how much sleep time we need
C．why genes can’t decide everything	D．what healthy diet is

【小題4】 Which is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A．Your height most probably depends on how high your parents are.

B．Girls’ age for starting puberty is usually earlier than that for boys’.

C．The time showing the first changes of puberty is never noticed.

D．You may be scared sometimes when you grow too fast.

Thousands of years ago, birthdays were considered special days. On birthdays, the bad spirits were able to harm you and change your life. It was believed that the only way to solve the problem was to have your friends and family around you, so that good wishes and presents would keep the bad spirits away. Also, noisemakers were thought to be used at parties as a way of scaring away the evil spirits.
The custom of lighting candles was created by people believing that the gods lived in the sky. By lighting candles and torches, they were sending a signal or prayer to the gods, so they could be answered. Blowing out the candles and making a wish were thought to be another way of sending a signal or a message.
This is how the way we celebrate our birthdays came about. But different cultures celebrate in different ways.
The birthday story in the Bible（圣經(jīng)） that we know best is about the birth of the Christ in Bethlehem（地名：伯利恒）. For nearly 2000 years since that day, the Christian world has been honoring this birth. The day many Englishmen celebrate is, of course, Christmas. There are other references to birthday parties. King Pharaoh celebrated his birthday by making a feast for his court followers. That was over 4000 years ago. The story of King Herod tells that on his birthday he made a supper for his lords, high captains and other special friends in Galilee (地名：加利利).
【小題1】 According to the passage, good wishes and presents given by one’s friends and family on his birthday can _____________________.

A．cheer him up	B．prove that he’s a popular person
C．bring him a big fortune	D．push bad spirits away

【小題2】 Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A．The custom of lighting candles originated with the gods.

B．The gods celebrate their birthdays by lighting candles.

C．People send messages to the gods by lighting or blowing out the candles.

D．The gods will help people realize their dreams on their birthdays.

【小題3】 The two ancient kings’ ways of celebrating their birthdays show__________________.

A．how great the two kings were

B．how different cultures celebrate in different ways

C．the two kings’ excellent cooking skills

D．that their court followers were awarded the special honors

【小題4】 The passage is mainly about __________________.

A．the functions of the noises made on birthdays.

B．how to scare away the bad spirits on birthdays

C．the origin of a famous day Christmas

D．how birthdays came about

Green-space facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of green-spaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way; this does not mean, however, that enough details are known about the functions of greenspaces in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants (居民) are using these spaces.
The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate (不成比例的) attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas (但是）there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighborhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obivous that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory (強(qiáng)制性的) activities can also have a recreative aspect.
The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot of enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street door of your house is closed after you.
【小題1】 According to the author, the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment _______.

A．is still unknown	B．is being closely studied
C．is usually neglected	D．has been fully recognized

【小題2】The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation has led to _______.

A．the disproportion of recreation facilities in the neighborhood

B．a(chǎn)ll of the recreation facilities far from home

C．relatively little attention for recreative possibilities

D．the improvement of recreative possibilities in the neighborhood

【小題3】The author suggests that the recreative possibilities of greenspaces should be provided _______.

A．in special areas	B．in the suburbs
C．in the neighbourhood of the house	D．in gardens and parks

【小題4】 The author says “more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect” to _______.

A．suggest that obligatory activities don’t need to serious

B．show that recreation activities are very important

C．show how recreation activities have spread wildly

D．suggest how to offer recreation activities around home

【小題5】Why would someone only feel himself at home according to the last paragraph?

A．One lives the very best standard of living.

B．There are too many distractions outside his home.

C．There are few recreations around his house.

D．One needs the street door of his house to be opened always.