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In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well. Yet evidence suggests that most of us don’t use the learning techniques that science has proved the most effective.
The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades and across thousands of articles. It’s far too extensive and complex for the average parent, teacher or employer to look through. Fortunately, a team of five leading psychologists have done the job for us.
Professor John Dunlosky and other psychologists closely examined 10 learning strategies and rated each from high to low utility(實(shí)用) on the basis of the evidence they’ve gathered. Here’s part of their conclusions:
In contrast to familiar practices, the effective learning strategies with the most evidence to support them aren’t well known outside the lab. Take distributed practice, for example. This strategy involves spreading out your study time, rather than engaging in one marathon. Cramming (死記硬背）information at the last minute may allow you to get through that test or meeting, but the material will quickly disappear from your memory. It’s much more effective to look through the material at intervals over time.
And the longer you want to remember the information, whether it’s two weeks or two years, the longer the intervals should be.
The second learning strategy that is highly recommended by Dunlosky is practice testing. Yes, more tests---but there not for a grade. Research shows that the mere act of calling information to mind strengthens that knowledge and aids in future retrieval (檢索). While practice testing is not a common strategy---despite the strong evidence supporting it ---there is one familiar approach that captures its benefits: using flash cards. And now flash cards can be presented in digital form. Both distributed practice and practice testing were rated as having “high utility” by Dunlosky.
小題1:How did the psychologists study and rate the learning strategies?
A．By analyzing the materials gathered in the past years.
B．By asking some students questions about their study.
C．By doing some experiments on the objects in the lab.
D．By asking parents and teachers to look through the articles.
小題2:The underlined word “extensive” in Para.2 means _____.
A．small in amount
B．easy or quick to do
C．more than is needed
D．dealing with a lot of information
小題3:About distributed practice and practice testing, it’s true that _____.
A．many students have benefited a lot from them
B．they were first put forward by John Dunlosky
C．only a small number of experts know about them
D．psychologists are studying whether they are effective
小題4:The strategy of distributed practice shows that ______.
A．we should not study for long hours every day
B．reviewing what we have studied is of little help
C．the shorter the interval is, the better we’ll study
D．doing repetition at intervals is the best way
小題5:The evidence shows that the strategy of practice testing ______.
A．is a way to use flash cards to help study
B．is mainly used to help us remember well
C．helps know about students’ grades in time
D．is a way widely used to strengthen memory

小題1:A
小題2:D
小題3:C
小題4:D
小題5:B

試題分析： 文章介紹為了讓我們學(xué)習(xí)的更好記得更牢，專家列出一些學(xué)習(xí)技巧，讓人們通過(guò)了解分配的練習(xí)和練習(xí)測(cè)試，達(dá)到更好的效果。
小題1:細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第二段的句子：The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades and across thousands of articles.可知心理學(xué)家是通過(guò)分析過(guò)去的幾年材料研究和評(píng)估學(xué)習(xí)策略，選A
小題2:猜詞題：從第二段的句子：The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades and across thousands of articles.It’s far too extensive and complex for the average parent, teacher or employer to look through.可知這對(duì)普通的父母和老師雇主瀏覽的時(shí)候都是太多的信息和太復(fù)雜，“extensive”的意思是處理很多信息，選D
小題3:細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第四段的句子：In contrast to familiar practices, the effective learning strategies with the most evidence to support them aren’t well known outside the lab.可知只有少數(shù)的專家了解分配的練習(xí)和練習(xí)測(cè)試，選C
小題4:細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第四段的句子：It’s much more effective to look through the material at intervals over time.可知分配練習(xí)策略表明隔一段時(shí)間重復(fù)是最好的方法，選D
小題5:細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第一段的句子：In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well.可知練習(xí)策略主要是用來(lái)幫助我們記憶的更好，選B
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解



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“ All the pieces shown here are what cannot be made through traditional techniques . A good example of this customization is hearing aids . More than 10 million people already use 3D printed hearing aids, all made according to the size of their ears , ” said Wim Michiels , executive vice-president at Materialise NV .
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“The elder child pulls ahead,” he said, “perhaps as a result of learning gained through the process of tutoring younger brothers and sisters”. 
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